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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
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ie TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Bean, Tarleton Hi. Description of a New Sparoid Fish, Sargus Holbrookii, from Savan-
SES aU NS 2A a Se ee atm ater, Gaol sien os io ache eat se Ne eee ek tle
On the Occurrence of Sticheus punctatus (Fabr.) Kroyer, at St. Michael’s, Alaska-.-.--
On the Identity of Luchalarodus Putnami Gill, with Plewronectes glaber (Storer) Gill,
with Notes on the Habits of the Species .........----.-. b roe ce cae eee itawiabieeee cima
Description of a Species of Lycodes (L. Turneri) from Alaska, believed to be unde-
GIS Cleis aeer, Se es eta eh tetra ta Se win, cig ia ame Set wicks lot ee reer tN ees ee set ot
See also under Goode and Bean.
Belding, L. A Partial List of the Birds of Central Califoruia..........-2.....-.-2........-
Cook, Caleb.. The Manufacture of Porpoise-Oil ...--. 2. -22---- 252 eee eee ee cet ec deccecn cee .
Dall, W. HX. Descriptions of New Forms of Mollusks from Alaska contained in the Collee-
Tous Om LUeRNaMOnAle MUSCUIMN) jonas nemmas sa eeersiae mete ma ts os no's eee came ae Postpliocene Fossils in the Coast Range of California Mossil Mollusks from “Later TLertiaries.\of Califormiaw: )- 2-222... 6.2 see ona Scie ene Note on Shells from Costa Rica Kitchenmidden, cgllected by Drs. Flint and Bransford .. —.— Distribution of Californian Tertiary Fossils. ..22-- 2222-2. 2 .-c-0--n.scc ese ccs ceemnnecnss Descriptions of New Species of Shells from California in the Collections of the Na-
UL OTA MAISG ERY coca al eee atta! e aa a eraral OSs Nera sle em ee es a nace ieee ee ee Na eee —— Report on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic Repicne: with Descrip-
tions of Genera and Species believed to be new ...-...-.--------- €
Edwards, Vimal N, On the Occurrence of the Oceanic Bonito, Orcynus pelamys (Linné) Ray Winavane var) SONNC, Mags A see amon Aaa aoa gs ape aaants Se ola eee ae naa ee
Gill, Theodore. Synopsis of the Pediculate Fishes of the Eastern Coast of Extratropi- cal North America
On ie ene ee ay
On the Proper Specific Name of the Common Pelagic Antennariid Pterophryne -....---- Note on the Ceratiide
Goode, G. Brown. _The Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe--..--.-- Pea NG Sy eae oe SS Se The Occurrence of Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s Bay, Massachusetts. -.-----..--------- = NO @VOICES OFA ORUS TACORMS? 2p ou ttio'ae Ae beck acess aebpemeesie ae metanniee Be bee = peessnaeeeae
A Revision of the American Species of the Genus Brevoortia, with a Description of a Nera pe CLES MROntmHOuCU ion Mex COn. o-- 0s. sqsgessaceee aes aoe eaeaiiees cme eee nse eeeis The Occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorwm, or an Allied Form, on Saint George's
The Occurrence of the Canada Porcupine in West Virginia --...--..---...-.2-..-22--2--
On Two Fishes from the Bermudas mistakenly described as new by Dr. Giinther --..--. Goode, G. Brown, and Tarleton HM. Beam. The Craig Flounder of Europe, Glyp- tocephalus cynoglossus, on the Coast of North America ........--.---2---------------------- The Oceanic Bonito on the Coast of the United States ..........- 1 ee AEE ORES SUDO rE
— Description of Caulolatilus mierops, «a New Species of Fish from the Gulf Coast of PEEL Se ee ee ere tet ols laia'= oo tos aloe Me ee re Suinin ae weil alolatsl tale Geng aisle aes
On a New Serranoid Fish, Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, from the Bermudas and GMINA eee eee esas eens e+ = S ol ujs ina eRe eer Sea ee ae a sot aes Swcice ene Descriptions of Two New Species of Fishes, Lutjanus Blackfordii and Lutjanus RCM S LOT UE OOH Sh Ole MLOLIO 2 ioe ace mene eet ae = eee ngs oc cee aes as a ae Jelein
A Note upon the Black Grouper (2pinephelus nigritus (Holbrook) Gill) of the Southern
(COPS Leese eter eee Re nee 5a 2a eee aa eae yee MR cea NS Siac wieleie ee minelsieid Descriptions of Two Gadoid Fishes, Phycis Chesteri and Haloporphyrus viola, from the Deep-soahaunsof sae wNortnwesterm Atlantic: .2.-ss-seecceceaoscedcaccsces--c---2+--cniniee Description of Argentina syrtensium, a New Deep-Sea Fish from Sable Island Bank ....
—— The Identity of Rhinonemus caudacuta (Storer) Gill with Gadus cimbrius Linn....--.-- Note on Platessa ferruginea D. H. Storer, and Platessa rostrata H.R. Storer ..-.---------
On the Identity of Brosmius americanus Gill, with Brosmius brosme (Miller) White --.. lt
215 99 22 223 227
231
or
am
45 264 462
256 261 * 348 361 362
}esinis
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Jackson, J. B.S., M.D. Arsenic Acid for protecting Anatomical Preparations from In-
Jefferson, Lieut. J.P.,U.S8S. A. On the Mortality of Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico in 1878...
Jefferson, Lieut. J. P., Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, and Thomas Moore. On the Desiruction of Fish in the Vicinity of the Tortugas during the months of September and OGbODEIY ISTE cai ceiec ance eccccws ales one cu smtreene ma aces aaae eon ee | ee ee ea etne aaa sae ae
Jordan, David S., M.D. Notesona Collection of Fishes from Clackamas River, Oregon..
Jordan, David S., and Charles EX. Gilbert. Notes on the Fishes of Beaufort Harbor,
North @arolinass soo. se sas bce ls candace eee eeee see eee ede een ae EE eee eee
Lawrence, George N. Catulogue of the Birds of Dominica, from Collections made for the Smithsonian Institution by Frederick A. Ober, together with his Notes and Observa-
Catalogue of the Birds of St. Vintent, from Collections made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, under the Directions of the Smithsonian Institution, with his Notes thereon................. Catalogue of the Birds of Antigua and Barbuda, from Collections made for the Smith- sonian Institution, by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, with his Observations ..............2-2------------ Catalogue of the Birds of Grenada, from a Collection made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober for the Smithsonian Institution, including others seen by him, but not obtained .................--. Catalogue of the Birds collected in Martinique by Mr. Fred. A. Ober for the Smithsonian BUSS (eX QFE LOTR jars mm faints oy mt Sez Pago Te mera ml iwi acs ae Lae eg oe oe et Catalogue of a Collection of Birds obtained in Guadeloupe for the Smithsonian Institu- tion, by Mr. Fred. A. Ober ..-...- Se an fret a at Re me A. General Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles visited
by Ma. Fred. A. Ober; with a Table showing their Distribution, and those found in the United
SSUES eee ear oes cteiaie mnie nese iatateninrs niala acim minim sien (eins mim sale aja'o lama Sint (alata te aioe ete tot telat er ete aerate Lupton, Prof. N.T. On the Breeding Habits of the Sea-Catfish (Ariopsis Milberti?) .......
Merrill, Dr. James C., U.S.A. Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas, being a List of Birds observed in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878...
Poey, Felipe. Notes on the American Species of the Genus Cybiwin ....-..-...-.----------- Prati, Capt. R.M., U.S.A. Catalogue of Casts taken by Clark Mills, Esq., of the Heads of Sixty-four Indian Prisoners of Various Western Tribes, and held at Fort Marion, Saint Augus- "tine, EJa., in' Charge of Capt. RR. H.\ Pratt, U.S, Asseesse- = S22escsseneecec epee see eemeeeeees
Ridgway, Robert. Ona New Humming Bird (Atthis Ellioti) from Guatemala............... A Review of the American Species of the Genus Scops, Savigny ..-.:...-...------...---- Descriptions of Several New Species and Geographical Races of Birds contained in the Collection of the United States National Maisetm: - 222). ee ec ok oo enemies ne Description of Two New Species of Birds from Costa Rica, and Notes on other Rare Npecies from that Country sc fe 2c ae at nea acta a meets ints ols oie aie olen steer eles eet ee Mie eee Descriptions of New Species and Races of American Birds, including a Synopsis of the Genus Ly/frannus, Cuvier. so. 822 tssesc=e tek tence eee eee lscet aco maelsaselnalee® else cis yeaa eee
Stearns, Silas. A Note on the Gulf Menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, Goode.....-....--+--+«
Steindachner, Dr. Framz. Note on Perca flavescens ......2-...-22-202 eens een e ene een e eens
Wilmot, Samuel. Notes on the Western Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianwm heterurum (Raf.) Jordan ......- So c0no la net lo ooh a alms te ats St a eee Gale Een cteneabine ls oe iene
24 363
244 69
265 349
449
486 278
118
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181 243
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DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS OF MOLLUSKS FROM ALASKA CONTAINED IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEU,
By W. H. DALL.
CHITONID.
Genus AMICULA Gray. Type A, vestita Sowerby.
Subgenus CHLAMYDOCHITON Dall.
Ch. t. ‘Amicule’ similiter sed branchiz ambientes. Type Chiton amiculatus Pallas.
Amicula proper has the branchiz median.
Genus LEPTOCHITON Gray.
Leptochiton Belknapi Dall, n. s.
L. t. elongata, valde elevata, dorsualiter angulata ; albida plus minusve cinereo et nigro tinctaé; valvis elevatis, apicibus distinctis; mucrone centrali conspicuo; sculptura ut in L. alveolo, sed granulis in areis dor- sualis sparsim et quincuncialiter dispositis; valva postica sub apice con- cava, posticé sinuata; zona minima spiculis tenuibus versus marginem munita. Lon. 10, lat. 3™™. Div. 90°.
Hab.—North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 53° 08’ N., and lon. 171° 19’ W., at a depth of 1006 fathoms, black sand and shells. Brought up in the sounding-cup, on the sounding expedition of the United States ship Tuscarora, Capt. George E. Belknap, U.S. N., in 1874.
This specimen comes from a greater depth than any specimen of the order hitherto collected. It is nearest to L. alveolus Sars, from the coast
of Norway. Genus TRACHYDERMON Cpr.
Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr. (Ms.).
Trachydermon, valvis centralibus bi- seu pluri-fissatis. Type Chiton fulgetrum Reeve. Trachyradsia aleutica Dall, n.s. T. t. parva, rufo-cinerea, oblonga, fornicataé; jugo acutissimo; mucrone Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 1 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
submediano, apicibus prominentibus; areis lateralis inconspicuis; tota superficie quincuncialiter minute reticulata; intus, valv. ant. 16-, post. 11-, centr. 2-fissatis; dent. parvis, perspongiosis, late separatis; sub- grundis spongiosis, curtis; sinu parvo; zona squamulis minutis obsita. Lon. 6, Jat. 3™™.
Hab.—Western Aleutians, near low-water mark; Dall.
This bears no marked resemblance to any of the other Alaskan species.
Genus TONICELLA Cpr.
Type Chiton marmoreus Fabr.
Tonicella saccharina Dall, n.s.
T. t. parva, oblonga, tota superficie saccharina, rufo et albescente picta; mucrone submediano, inconspicuo; areis lateralis inconspicue ele- vatis, albescentis; areis dorsualis sanguinosis, zeque quincuncialiter lente reticulatis; v. ant. 10-11-, v. post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1 fissatis; dent. par- vis spongiosis, sinu parvo; subgrundis spongiosis, mediocris; zonad coriacea ut in TVonicelle aliis: branchiz medixz. Lon. 6.5, lat. 4™™.
Hab-—Aleutian Islands, three to thirteen fathoms; Dall.
This species has the lustre of rock-candy, and is well marked by the contrast of the white lateral with the red dorsal areas.
Genus SCHIZOPLAX Dall.
Testa et zona Tonicelle simulans; valve centrales sulco jugali medi- ano, antico argute incise ; branchie subambientes.
Type Chiton Brandtii Midd.
For this remarkable Alaskan form, distinguished from all other Chi- tons by its slit central valves, I propose to adopt a name suggested by Dr. Carpenter, who, on Middendort’s figures, had intended to propose it as a subgenus of Tonicella. The specimens: obtained by my party seem to be the first found since the original ones were obtained. A eareful examination of the soft parts shows that in dentition and some other details sufficient basis for generic separation is found, confirming the testimony of the valve characters. The sulcus is usually filled by a horny or cartilaginous deposit.
It may be added here that investigation of the characters of the radula in numerous species and genera of Chitons in the National Mu- seum shows a very remarkable uniformity of dentition. No larger groups than genera are indicated in the whole order, which, it appears, can hardly comprise more than one family; and it is doubtful if this can be divided into subfamilies by any characters yet elucidated.
The dentition in all species examined has the formula 6: 2:12: 6, or
if
x8 Of the teeth, the rhachidian appears always simply cusped ;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3
the two laterals present varied characters; the third uncinus, counting outward, is usually spatulate; while the remainder are mere bosses, or scales. The wide differences found in the few figures of the dentition of Chitons extant appear to be due to erroneous interpretation of the objects represented. The figures of Lovén are the most satisfactory.
POSTPLIOCENE FOSSILS IN THE COAST RANGE OF CALIFORNIA, By W. H. DALL.
The National Museum has received from Mr. G. F. Merriam, of San Luis Rey, Cal., specimens of Donax californicus, Chione succincta, Olivella biplicata, and Cerithidea sacrata, in a semi-fossilized condition. The first mentioned retained a considerable part of its pinkish interior coloration. These fossils (probably with other species) are stated by Mr. Merriam to be found in great abundance at the head of a caiion in that vicinity, in the heart of the Coast Range, twelve miles from the sea in a direct line, and six hundred feet above tide-water. All the species are found living in abundance on the present sea-coast. This indicates a very recent elevation for this part of the coast, if the facts are correctly interpreted, and further specimens and details will be awaited with interest.
NOTES ON THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CYBIUM. By FELIPE POEY.
(Translated by G. Brown Goong, from MS. memorandum of Professor FELIPE PoEyY.|]
Cybium caballa, Cuv. & Val.
Cybium caballa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, viii, 1831, p. 187.—GUnruer, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum, ii, 1860, p. 373.—Pory, Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, i, 1867, p. 322; ii, p.13; and in Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, op. cit., ii, p. 362.
Cybium acervum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, loc. cit., p. 186 (nec typus).
Vulgo :—Sierra.
Differential Characters.—First dorsal with fourteen spines, without a black spot anteriorly. Body immaculate in the adult, spotted with yel- lowish in the young fish.
The number of teeth increases with the age; in large specimens, it is $2. The larger teeth are placed upon the middle of the jaw, those in the lower jaw being a trifle the longer. The lateral line is very sinuous upon the posterior portion of the body. The eye is larger than in Cy- bium regale.
Bluish upon the back, whitish under the belly. First dorsal white; second dorsal and caudal dusky-bluish (bleu-noirdtre) ; pectorals bluish, as is also the anal, which, however, becomes white at its extremity ; ventrals whitish.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In the young fish, under the length of two or three feet, the sides are covered with round, irregular spots, of rather dirty yellow (jaune un peu sale).
Cuvier described a specimen which weighed twenty-two pounds; at that size, the fish is still young, and retains its yellow spots.
Those ordinarily taken range in weight from twelve to twenty-five pounds, though they reach the weight of one hundred pounds. I have seen one which measured 285™™.
Cybium regale, (Bloch) Cuvier. ~ Scomber regalis, BLocn, Naturgeschichte der ausliindischen Fische, taf. 333. Cybium regale, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 184.—GUNTHER, op. cit., p. 372.—POEY, op. cit., i, p. 322; ii, p. 362. Vulgo :—Pintada.
Differential Characters.—The first dorsal has seventeen spines and the spot uponitsanterior portion. Thelateral bands and spots are persistent through life.
The teeth are 2° in aspecimen of moderate size. In the upper jaw, the median teeth are the larger; in the lower, their size is more nearly equal.
The back is bluish, as are also the top of the head, the second dorsal and its finlets, the caudal, and the pectorals. The first dorsal is white, having in front a spot of deep-blue, which is prolonged far back upon the upper edge of the fin. The anal and the ventrals are white. The sides are sky-blne, with silvery lustre; the belly is white, with a bluish tinge. Thesides are marked with broken longitudinal bands and round spots; these bands and spots are yellow, more or less golden, and with a reddish tint.
The ordinary size is about twelve pounds, though they sometimes reach the weight of twenty.
Cybium acervum, Cuv. & Val. Cybium acervum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 186.
The specimens described by Cuvier were of five pounds weight. He claims to have received specimens from Martinique, from Santo Domingo, and from Cuba, those from the latter place sent by me. I can only say that I have not been able to find this species, and that I have not included it in. my manuscript ‘ Ichthyologie”.
According to Cuvier, it has seventeen spines in the first dorsal, and aiso tbe black spot. The body is immaculate, even in the specimens of five pounds weight.
Cybium maculatum, (Mitchill) Agassiz. Scomber maculatus, M1rcuHILL, Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, i, 1815, p. 426, pl. vi, fig. 8. Cybium maculatum, AGAssiz, in Spix, Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, 1829, p. 103, tab. lx.—Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 181.—GUNTHER, op. cit., p. 372. The Cybium maculatum of the United States has the teeth somewhat conical and very pointed. It has seventeen dorsal spines and a black spot upon the first dorsal.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5
Cybium immaculatum, Cuv. & Val.
Cybium immaculatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 191—GUNTHER, op. cit., p. 370, note 5. The Cybium immaculatum of Cuvier has the body immaculate in spe- cimens only six or seven inches long.
Acanthocybium peto, Poey. Acanthocybium Petus, Pory, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, ii, 1860, p. 234, pl. xvi, fig. 1; Repert., ii, p. 363. Vulgo :—Peto.
This genus differs from Cybiwm by its numerous dorsal spines, twenty- five in number. The type taken by Professor Gill has the teeth com- pressed, triangular. The Cuban species has the points of the teeth rounded. The caudal is very small. The lower jaw has its sides deeply notched and its extremity lower than its lateral edges. In spe- cimens of less than three feet, the body is covered with vertical bands of a vitreous lustre (glacées). It grows very large, sometimes attaining the weight of one hundred pounds.
THE CLUPEA TYRANNUS OF LATROBE. By G. BROWN GOODE;
Mr. Benjamin H. Latrobe, a surveyor of public lands, published, in 1802, a description of a clupeoid fish the affinities of which have never been satisfactorily determined.* Dr. DeKay, misled by the name “ ale- wife”, applied the specific name tyrannus to the northern species known to him by that popular name (Pomolobus pseudo-harengus), a usdge which was concurred in by Dr. Storer and M. Valenciennes. In his earlier writings, Professor Gill referred the same name to the shad (Alosa sapidissima). Latrobe’s paper, and the name therein proposed, have lately been lost sight of; but there is little doubt that they refer to the menhaden, or mossbunker (Clupea menhaden, Mitchill, and Bre- voortia menhaden, Gill). The laws of priority demand that this species shall henceforth be designated Brevoortia tyrannus.
The fishes of the Chesapeake and its tributaries have been very little studied until witbin the past three years, and the habits of the men- haden are so different in these waters and in the north that it does not seem surprising for Northern ichthyologists to have made mistaken identification of Latrobe’s specific name.
A few years ago the Capes of Delaware were thought to define the southern range of the menhaden, while its peculiar parasite and its habit of ascending southern rivers were unknown.
*A Drawing and Description of the Clupea tyrannus and Oniscus pregustator. By Benjamin H. Latrobe, F. A. P. 8S. < Transactions of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge, vol. v, 1802, p. 77.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I shall soon publish a fall discussion of this subject. At present, my conclusions may be stated as follows :—
(1) The figure, while undeniably bad, resembles the menhaden very closely, while it cannot be intended to represent any allied species. The contour, were the missing dorsal fin supplied, is similar to that of the menhaden. The black spot upon the scapular region is constant in the menhaden only, though a similar one is occasionally seen upon the shad and alewife.
(2) The name “ bay alewife” is the same now given to the menhaden in the Chesapeake and its tributaries. This is a strong argument: for although seventy-five years have passed since Latrobe wrote, the per- sistence of popular names is very remarkable, as I have elsewhere pointed out.* Moreover, Latrobe was also acquainted with a ‘her- ring” and a “shad”, These being eliminated, there is no other fish than the menhaden to which the description in question can refer.
(3) The habits of the alewife, as described by Latrobe, are essentially the same as those of the menhaden at the present day. The alleged river-ascending habits of the “ bay alewife” were thought to throw its identity with the menhaden out of the question. This is no longer an obstacle.
(4) The presence of the crustacean parasite is the strongest argu- ment of all. While this is found in the mouths of a large percentage of the southern menhaden, suggesting the local name of ‘“ bug fish”, it has never once been found attached to any other species, although careful search has been made by several persons. The northern men- haden is free from this parasite. This is still another reason for the failure to identify on the part of northern writers.
Latrobe’s name has the priority over Mitchill’s by thirteen years. It is to be regretted that it is necessary to replace by another a name so, appropriate and of such long standing.
JANUARY 1, 1878.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BELONE LATIMANUS IN BUZZARD’S BAY, MASSACHUSETTS.
By G. BROWN GOODE.
A peculiar species of Belone was obtained at Wood’s Holl, in 1875, by Professor Baird. It was caught in the weir on Great Neck, owned by the Wood’s Holl Weir Company. On study, it proved to be the form described by Professor Poey under the name Belone latimanus, and hitherto known only from Cuba. <A good water-color sketch (Cat. No. 795) was made by Mr. Richard, a photograph (Cat. No. 218) taken, and the specimen and a finely colored cast (Cat. No. 16121) are preserved in the National Museum.
s Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas, 1876, p. 15.
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It may be distinguished from the common species of our coast, Belone longirostris, (Mitchill) Gill, by many characters, the most salient of which are the more elongate form, the lesser proportionate length of the head, the much greater number of rays in the vertical fins (B. lati- manus has D. 25: A. 23. B. longirostris has D. 13-16: A. 16-19), the broader and proportionately shorter pectorals, and the forked caudal.
The length of the specimen was 49 inches (1244.6 millimetres), its weight 54 pounds (2381 grams).
CoLor :—Back, top of head, and snout dark green in dead specimen, probably beryl-green in life. Fin-rays greenish-brown. Fin-membranes and protected parts, such as axils of pectoral fins, colorless. Sides light ‘brownish, with silvery overwash. Belly, cheeks, throat, and lower part of lower jaw silvery-white. Eye greenish-yellow.
Radial formula.—Branchiostegals XIV. D. 24: A. 25: C. 7-64 7-5: Peta s Vo6:
JANUARY 15, 1878.
THE VOICES OF CRUSTACEANS. By G. BROWN GOODE.
The observations of Mr. Saville Kent and My. J. Wood Mason (Na- TURE, Vols. xvi, p. 565, and xvii, p. 11) recall to mind some similar facts recently noted by me in the Bermudas.
Several species of Alpheus were observed to have the power of pro- ducing loud clicking sounds. Two or three of the larger species are accustomed to lurk under flat stones near low-water mark. Some of these are two inches long. When one of them is taken between the fingers by an inexperienced collector, the sudden, convulsive snap almost invariably causes him to drop it. The effect is like that of a sharp blow across the knuckles. Some smaller species of the genus are found only in the cavities of a large aplysine sponge, abundant on the reefs. I have picked out seventy or eighty from a fragment of sponge not more than three inches in diameter. When the sponge is taken in the hand, the quick succession of clickings reminds one of the sound of instruments in a large telegraph office. When one of these animals is put in an earthen or glass vessel, it makes a much louder noise, resembling a quick tap with the finger-nail or the back of a knife upon the edge of the same vessel. This noise is produced by a convul- sive snapping of the last joint of the large claw, by a movement resem- bling that of the spring beetles (Hlateride), and the sounds are quite similar. Possibly these movements may have a protective object, enab- ling the little decapods to escape from the grasp of enemies, or to work out from under the stones and loose sand in which they must often become buried.
Another macrurous crustacean, Gonodactylus chiragra, known to the
8 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bermudians as the “split-thumb”, from its power of wounding by a sharp appendage of the larger claws, produces a viciously sharp, snap- ping noise, apparently in the same manner with Alpheus.
The “ Bermuda lobster” (Panulirus americanus M, Edw.) makes a loud grating noise. Mr. Kent describes the voice of the allied species (Pa- linurus quadricornis) as being produced by the rubbing together of the spinous abdominal segments. In the species observed by me, the sound was produced by means of certain modifications of the lower joints of the antenne. There is at the base of each antenna, upon the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, a broad elevated ridge, parallel with the axis of the body, which in an adult of eighteen inches would be about two inches long. The rounded crests of these ridges are closely em-- braced by processes from the sides of the basal antennalsegments. The profile of each ridge describes the segment of a circle, the centre of which is the centre of articulation of its accompanying antenna. When the antennze are moved forward and backward, their tips waving over the back of the animal, the close contact of the hard, smooth, chitinous surfaces produces a shrill, harsh stridulation, like the sound of filing a saw. I have never heard the noise when the animals were under water, though I have seen them waving their antenne. I have no doubt that they can thus produce vibrations perceptible to their mates at great distances, especially if their other senses are as acute as that of smell, which I have tested in avery curious manner. Both sexes are provided with the vocal organs.
DECEMBER 25, 1877.
ON A NEW HUMMING BIRD (ATTHIS ELLIOT) FROM GUATEMALA. By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
Having had occasion, recently, to examine some specimens of Hum- ming Birds, I happened to notice certain striking differences between two examples labelled “Atthis heloise”—one from Guatemala, belonging to Mr. D. G. Elliot, the other a Mexican specimen, in my own collection, obtained from M. Boucard. The differences observed between these were so obvious that I immediately inspected the series contained in the collection of the National Museum, and on comparison found them repeated in the specimens contained therein, including two males from Jalapa and one from the Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. The former of course represent the true A. heloise, being from the locality whence the types of that species were procured, and with them my Mexican ex- ample agrees in all essential particulars. Both the Guatemalan speci- mens, however, are very different from any of these, and undoubtedly represent a distinct species, which being, so far as I have been able to ascertain, hitherto unnamed, I propose to characterize as follows :—
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ATTHIS ELLIOTI.
“ Selasphorus heloise”, Sci. & SALyv., Ibis, i, 1859, 129 (Guatemala); ib. 186C, 195 (Duenas, Guatemala).—SaLvin, ib, 266 (Guatemala; Tierra Caliente, and slopes of Volean de Fuego).
“ Atthis heloisa”, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 465 (part: Guatemala references).
Specific Oharacters.—Adult male:—Outer primary broad, the end not attenuated. Gorget uniform reddish-purple (much as in Calypte anne), without varying tints of violet, as in A. heloise. Jugulum wholly white; middle of the abdomen white; sides light rufous, slightly glossed with golden-green; crissum white, tinged with light rufous. Upper parts metallic-green, decidedly less golden than in A. heloisa. Tail with the basal half (approximately) bright cinnamon-rufous, the subterminal portion black; three outer feathers (on each side) tipped with rusty-white; the middle pair with the black portion above glossed with metallic-green anteriorly. Wings uniform dusky, the smaller cov- erts metallic-green. Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00-1.05; culmen, 0.38-0.40. [Lype, No. 20494, ¢ ad., Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Volcan de Fuego, Guate- mala. |
With a very close general resemblance to A heloise, this species may be immediately distinguished by the very different form of the outer primary, the redder and more uniform color of the throat-gorget, and the shorter bill. The peculiar characters of the two may be contrasted as follows :—
Althis heluisa.¢. Jalapa. Dr,Heermann- Atthis ellioti. ,¢, Guatemala, Bourcier
A. ellioti.
Outer primary broad, the end not attenuated. Gorget uniform pur- plish-red, without varying violaceous tints. Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00-1.05 ; calmen, 0.38-0.40.
Hab.—Guatemala.
A. heloise.
Outer primary very narrow, the end abruptly attenuated. Gorget reddish-violet, showing decided violet tints in certain lights. Wing, 1.30-1.50; tail, 0.95-1.10; culmen, 0.48-0.50.
Hab.—Eastern Mexico.
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The principal synonymy and characters of A. heloise are as follows:— ATTHIS HELOISZ.
Ornismya heloisa, Less. & DELATTR., Rev. Zool. 1839, 15 (Jalapa and Quatepu, §. E.
Mexico).
Mellisuga heloise, GRAY, Gen. B.i, 1849, 113, sp. 62.
Tryphana heloise, BonaP., Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, 257.
Selasphorus heloise, GOULD, Monog. Trochilid. iii, 1852, pl. 141.
Althis heloise, REICHENB., J. f. O. 1853, App., 12.—GouLp, Introd. Trochilid. 8vo ed. 1861, €9.—ELtiot, Ilustr. Am. B. i, 1869, pl. ——Cooprr, Orn. Cal. i, 1870, 361 (El Paso, Texas; Mexico).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 465, pl. 47, fig. 6 (El Paso, Texas; Mexico).
Specific Characters.—Adult male :—Outer primary very narrow, the end abruptly attenuated. Gorget violet-purple, with changeable tints in varying lights. Jugulum wholly white; middle of the abdomen white; sides light rufous, slightly glossed with golden-green; crissum white, tinged with light rufous. Upper parts metallic golden-green, more bronzy than in A.ellioti. Tail with the basal balf (approximately) clear cinnamon-rufous, the subterminal portion black, with the three outer feathers (on each side) tipped with rusty-white; middle pair of feathers glossed with golden-green on the upper surface to the extreme tip. Wings uniform dusky, the smaller coverts golden-green. Wing, 1,30-1.5); tail, 0.95-0.10; culmen, 0.48-0.50.
Of the three adult males of A. heloise now before me, the two from Jalapa are much alike; but that in my own collection, which is evi- dently from another part of Mexico, although, unfortunately, the pre- cise locality is not stated on the label, differs in several very noticeable particulars. The bill is very much more slender, the wing shorter (about 1.30, instead of 1.50), and the general size decidedly less. What is most conspicuous, however, is the fact that the lateral feathers of the gorget- are not elongated as in the Jalapa specimens, in which they are 0.25 to 0.30 of an inch longer than the longest feathers of the middle portion, while there is a mixture of bluish-violet in the gorget not observable in the other specimens. Itis barely possible that the longer lateral plumes of the gorget have been lost from this specimen; but in any event, the differences are quite sufficient to characterize a well-marked local race.
JANUARY 29, 1878.
FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM LATER TERTIARIES OF CALIFORNIA. By W. Hi. DALL.
The National Museum has recently received from Mr. Henry Hemp- hill a series of fossil shells collected by him from the later Tertiary deposits of the Californian coast. Some of them are from the vicinity of Santa Barbara, but the majority are from San Diego, part of them
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TF
(marked w in the list) from the material obtained in sinking a well* at a distance of from ninety to one hundred and sixty feet below the surface of the earth, and not far from the present sea-level. The matrix is usually rather soft, composed of loosely aggregated grains of sand or fine sandy mud, occasionally hardened by infiltration of lime-bearing water.
In the accompanying list, those species found living (IR) at the present day in the fauna of the Californian coast, between San I’rancisco and San Diego, are marked L, those at present making part of the northern or Oregonian fauna N, and those belonging to the fauna of Lower Cali- fornia, the Gulf of California, Mexico, and Central America are marked S. The extinct species (I*) form a very small proportion of the whole, as will be readily seen.
7907 | Laqueus californicus (Koch) Dall ..---..------- San Diego. ie | Nees Ee Le ROLAORACH OUORRCE Gal Gnas ie a2) 42.52.55, eels ie $ t N.L DalmConuulaaluiteola Opies = sone aie nisenaiseee.eeese t L
WOLOSLeriploma argentaria ConY ~ 2 - <<... —3--- <== es v L,S 1 | Solecurtus californianus Conr ...--...---------- st g L,S mI COMGLECCLO) © ONN aes Reitein eras sete ssets eel ‘ v L al eMacommandentate@, © pire. come) sami sal mis ee)e=\-= a 3 t L AM acoma Nasuta CONT s2 -\abe.acij-) ss sin) seis ses sé R N,L 5 | Macoma (like) sabulosa Spengler ..---..----.-- sf t N COmlHOUIn dsm OMCs AiO Plena ioe ses e yaaa =) -icigien </> t L a lnehelunavbodegensiateld sie cea se <nle)sel= =o) a a /~ <1 s v L SiieCuningia) californica Conv... <,.=5005 5 +24) a R L OR MMOnan een LOsSUs Gil Wie ree ets sols caine cicicinte sacle! if R L,S
WO209| Mactrarealifornied, Cones. <4 vesass's 2-25 4ee5= is R PeVactrasjalcata Gide ane tan ain sin a oss <esnie ai ee < N, L? 2 | Clementia subdiaphana Cpr ...---.----..-.----- s eee INGE ean GUO ESSRILELUIA Cis DNaetare -tetlaapein siete anise) sate oiars sf z L,S a MCG ON CIaUCCUNGLOMucultsmiamolalaininin o/scininiwa/ sons eel as Rh L.S ou eMosmar ponderosa Glaye mio o- cae eae sas ‘s t S Gale Rapes.siam ined) COMTaseri asa saselaa's elie) a9 = ins = y eet Now alSiamdonvusianaiuss jun.) Gilde <2. --2-5 seiiece = “ v L 8 | Petricola pholadiformis? Lam....--.----------- “e R ;
ORC Ur dum prOCertim SDV. --\-441e= 152 224222 2S sé z S
7930 | Venericardia monilicosta Gabb ....--.---------- inate R L 1 | Venericardia monilicosta Gabb ...--..----.----- Santa Barbara. t L Pa IICIna NILA OOUI. «=== y= =<) -1 omnia = eee San Diego. t L a | bucinartacuklnenta Cont... <.- .-.--02ss=e55> “S R N, L An An commicrodontdi@ ONT =. lice scm sas 035 = ies ¥ ‘
5 | Axinen profunda Dall, n.8\..---. .---+6.---0---- sf iF ; (|| DRC GIG LILES) \ (pO eRE OD ADOODDECEOD EE DUCDOSeS “ R S Ma PE CO OACCLOUI MACS ha focal sie aeaias> esas) se asses ww. v L,S Si RC CLENNES LUN CUCUSPNUU NM oa on amy cinianie als iis) asises asi fs R N So) 2ecten hericeus Gid) ~~ << - 2... -- SenctCSeO sen = « R N
7940 | Pecten ventricosus Sby. (var.?)..---.----------- sé t Ss 1 | Pecten expansus Dall, n.s.-.--- aise neice ae ‘f Kr :
2 | becten, Stearnstt Dalll, n. 8 ..-<.- --2<-- »--aceen- a iE Sulemecion Hempnilite Dall M.S). < <5 csce0 52-2551 sé F :
4 | Pecten ? aquisulcatus Cpr. var .-.--.----------- ‘§ R L,S 5 | Pecten ? paucicostetus Cpr. jun...--...---.----- s < L,S Ga Aain a CENLALAAS DYerae in = <-/- -40!sicasae)sencmycas payee x L,S 7 | Ostrea turida Cpr...-..--- pas Soe saa ee eee ¢ t N,L SNMOSIMEC IM eCALChinGAD Ds a2-\ 5454 .4-554ssaesnia5 26 fe Ir ; Giimanamianomatula Dall. Ns 8 << sessemsnen sacs ae i i 3
7350 | Rhectaxis punctocelata (Cpr.) Dall....-....---- ss t L i pehonnatina canealis Gide: -\ 5. 5:sseaete=e aise s t N,L 2 | Tornatina eximia ? Baird......---..---- ait eleres “e v N
*A list of species obtained from this well, with descriptions of new species, was published by me in the Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, pp. 296-299, 1874.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
79538 | Cylichna alba Brown |..--- .<0-2++ e-cece-+/e--| San Diego. aw. R N,L? 4’) Voloula:cylindricai€ pr. =. 22 =2.=-=s5eensseeseeee sf R L Del MLElLaINNUS OLDACEUSI ODL eae o> o- asset aetemoe eer ee R L 6 | Dentalium hexagonum Sby ..-.----------------- re? Bi) Set WLC GAULUS FUSTIONMNAS fea oon ee ee eee eee = ? is Sl) Acme@eaimitra BSC esses. 2a eesee anes Henke \ R N, L OeAommaansessa TGS) 3: - cos ce sacaecoee rece ees f R N,L 7900 | Fissuretla volcano? Reeve..---- --22-..--5=2.--- se R L 1 | Fissurcllidea callomarginata Cpr ..---.---.----- R L 2). Chlorosioma -Pfeiffent Phill °t yaceee ease “s R L Onl Vatrinella sp. ind. 225 sco. see selene ere ee ? S A) Crucibulum spinosum Sby =23--- -ss2e~1- 22> ce< 56 R L,S | \Crepiaula princensiCOR isn. ce semi eae aria seats R? N 65) Crenidularadunca, SPYy-s-.<5- - ose =e == besa oe R L 7 | Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr ......-.----------- t R L,§ 8) Zurnielia Cooper Cpr. Varo ns «cece ass. eeo- TT R L Dele Gentheda.sacrataiGld) -oeeiecac eee cece eeseeres ee R L 4940) | eBittiumiquadrijilathum Cpr secs vessels soe ee Santa Barbara. | R L Le PBrtinumiaspenuny © Piacse ise eiaieceete ee eee sf R L 2" itoring scutulaia Gldzana ere. ce seeceessssee eee) aaa Diego; R N,L 3 | Lacuna vincta Mont........-..------.---------| Santa Barbara. | R N ANY Lacuna solidula Loven 2. 2 -ns- sete 2 =e =e San Diego. R N 5 | Rissoina (like) Woodwardi Cpr......-.-------- - es R S Gale Maurella simplen: Cpr. crocs etches toile eter ae R L,S i Dritha penicillata Cpr-c2- tewsise.sta)-toe eee ee ad v L,S 8) | Drilha Hemphilli Stearns). «2-2 S20. s-2 ~~ <= oe es R S 9 | Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb..-.-....---.------- se R L 7980) | Mangelia angulata Cpr: ---.-.- 25-25 -- 2 eo one ee R L Le Gontisxcalifornicus THOS ss aeiece see) see e eee oe es R L 2 | ‘Odostomia gravida Cpr <--/ssaren'-\-''e ola ee ‘ R L 3 | unbonilla stylina ? Cpr. -\-eerwisse steno ek eee neds R L 4 | Turbonilla chocolataCpr..---..---- oh Fe Salwar te aere « R | L,N? byl Churvondla virgo Oplees- peers a) acetate toh ss R L 6 | Turbonilla torquata? Cpr.....---..-.---------- s¢ R L CVE WAM MACANS CPD seco: sao atehaictereioe ata teeta fe R L 8 | Scalaria indianorum Cpr ..-..--. .----- ---- -=-- ss R L 9) Scalaria tndianorum Var q- s2:scese swisd ones cae - a R L 7290 Fl SCHLET La tincla © pL on. = =a 1-e stainless see e R L 1) |Scataria Hemphiltiy Dally ni sissseccencsieelea =e ag ¥ - 2 | Opalia anomala Stearns...-.. ...2-. 0-2-0 --.-- 6 EF : 3 | Opalia varicostata Stearns ..---. -----.--0------ sf F : 4 | Cerithiopsis assimilata Cpr.....-.-----.-------- =f R L Dl Cangellarid <c2n sccm nic a ctae nicl oe ate ep eee eras - : GO| Camecellaria aan a smc oisom\siniateionsintete! seteisteiersi te = ete tap, ; ; 7 | Neverita Recluwana Petit 2 52-scasgec te. as R L,S 8 | Neverita Recluziana var. alta Dall ....---.------ ef R L 9 | Mamma nana Moller (Kos. Japan Tert.)....---- ee R N 8000 | Ranella muriciformis Brod. var..---..--------- se R Ss Le Mitra maura Swale. se:- cou jaceeta eee ete ef Rh L,S 2 | Olwella biplicata, SPY <a- o = aielinniet os etetaea ete R L 3 | Olivella boetica Cpr .---------- , na antares etter ff R N,L AW Nasea fossata GId «=... 5-1 ereenceetereoieeteiere tare Be R L ty) INGSEO) fOssOtd VAL .25-cc - ce eee tei ee se R L Gy) Nassa.perpinguis TGS sc .eerceei-er sta eel ee R L,S Wa eNasse tegula Rv6).- 2.2. + oce seine ce R L,S Sul eNassa mendicd Gl... «=< aceaeeroa Sees «5 an. R N,L 9) Astyris gausapata Gd. Vans «22:02 sous tonto Santa Barbara. | R L SOLOR | Nitidella Gouldit C prvi we) o sare siserevaelatete wae San Diego. R N, L 1) Amphissa versicolor Dall 25. s22ce0 oe eos weet a R L 2 | Amphissa versicolor Dall.........--..---.----.-| Santa Barbara. | R L 3 | Monoceros engonatum Cour .......------------- San Diego. R L A (Gerostoma Nuttalht Conr....s1o.-ssssnsee sees s R L Hale deieronolus festivus, Hinds 25.0.5 46 osama Be R L 6)| =Prophon\(onpheus JU. ?)) .s2 seen coos se eee ae Santa Barbara.| R N, L 7 | Purpura crispatu Chemn. ....50i0-65s s2sceeeees San Diego. R N, L 8) :Husus Morford? Stearns). se sesca-2 seasons ‘Shy R Nj 9 | Serpilarnp: 0b 5.2 cn concen was eee sf ? : 8020 | Fish-teeth, one species, indet..--......---..--- ce ? -
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13
This, it will be observed, contains one hundred and seven well deter- mined species, omitting several doubtfal ones, of which ten are extinct and ninety-seven still found recent. Of these recent or still existing forms, twenty are found in the Californian fauna and northward at the present time. Eighteen more are found in the Californian fauna and southward, while forty-four are strictly Californian. Besides these, there are eight species belonging to the Oregonian or Arctic fauna, and no longer found living in the Californian region. Seven more are found on the west coast of Mexico, the Gulf of California, or Western Middle America, and, so far as known, no longer in the Californian region. One or two species are still found living in Atlantic seas, but not on the western shores of America. How far these peculiarities of distribu- tion may be explained by a restriction of their geographical range in modern times by some species, or by the association of fossils in one collection from beds of differing age, and consequently exhibiting the fluctuation of the northern and southern faunz based on varying temperatures of the sea, will be determined only by a most critical stratigraphical study of the localities.
Bat in either case the problem is well worthy of solution. The very modern character of the beds is determined by the great majority of the species being still found living, and by the fact that some of them retain very evident traces of their original coloration. They are mostly in excellent preservation. The well fossils taken with those mentioned on p.3 would give a vertical range of some six hundred feet for the Pliocene Tertiary beds of California.
The species which appear to be new are as follows:—
Axinea profunda, n. s. (7935).
Shell subtriangular, ventral margin rounded, umbos erect, rather small. Area narrow, deep; marked by five or six lines meeting at an angle in the vertical of the umbo, one above another; anterior lines somewhat the shortest; exterior marked by twenty-five or thirty flat- tened ribs, separated by deep channels one-fourth as wide as the ribs, and by which the interior margin is crenulated. The ribs are crossed by thread-like close lines of growth, which may be elevated or obsolete on the ribs, but are sharply defined in the channels, which they partially fill up in some specimens. Toward the anterior and posterior margins; the sculpture is nearly obsolete. In eroded examples, this sculpture nay be entirely altered, and such are hardly recognizable as the same thing. Interior smooth or lightly radiately striate, with a tendency to an elevated narrow ridge behind the anterior scar; hinge with teeth placed as if radiating from the centre of the valve, six to nine anteri- orly, and ten to fourteen posteriorly, with some ten or twelve small, crowded teeth between the two radiating sets, and placed perpendicu- larly and parallel with one another. Height, 32™™; length, 30"; thick- ness, 20™"; the last proportionally greater in the young.
Lt PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This species differs in its sculpture from any of the recent species ascribed to the coast, and from A. barbarensis Conr. (Pliocene foss.) by its shorter, more elevated, and deeper form, as well as by details of sculpture.
Pecten expansus, n. s. (7941).
Shell large, thin, with the upper valve flatter than the lower one, both with very slight convexity; outer surface of upper valves marked by sixteen to twenty sharp, radiating ridges, but slightly elevated, and whose sides shade off insensibly into the broad interspaces, which are but slightly depressed; faint indications of ridges appear between the principal ones. The entire surface is covered with fine, slightly raised, sharp lamella, which are waved in some places so regularly as to pro- duce the appearance of a delicate reticulation, which, however, does not really exist; angle of the umbo about 120°; ears finely sculptured, like the rest of the surface, but with only faint indications of ridges, sharply differentiated from the rest of the shell, very short, broad; supra-foraminal ear with a sigmoid curve to the lateral margin; mar- gin of the other ear nearly straight; hinge-line straight; interior of the valve smooth, except for faint depressions corresponding to the ridges; peripheral margins not crenulated, even or nearly smooth.
Lower valve with twenty-five or thirty dichotomous ribs, flattened above, but not sharply differentiated from the interspaces, sculptured with fine lines of growth or nearly smooth, with faint appearances of radiating striz. Peripheral margin somewhat crenulated by the ends of the ribs; interior marked by shallow channels corresponding to the ribs; ears rather small and distinctly but not strongly marked off from the rest of the valve; byssal notch rounded, moderately deep. Height of shell, 135™™; breadth of shell, 140™™; breadth of hinge-line, 65™™; thickness, 832™™; some specimens one-half larger.
This shell is nearest P. propatulus Conr. (caurinus ? of Gould) from the Miocene of Oregon, but differs in all its details when compared. The Miocene shell has a sharper umbonal angle, larger ears with straight lateral margins, and strong and different sculpture; the ribs are not dichotomous, and are much more sharply defined, while the margins are strongly crenulated. It is possible that some of the indeterminate nominal species of Conrad may have been based on this species, but the wretched figures given by him seem to differ strongly so far as they show any characters, while his descriptions are quite worthless, as usual“
Pecten Stearnsii, n. s. (7942).
Shell moderately large, thin, regular; elegantly radiately ribbed. Upper valve flattened or even a little concave, with about twenty four regularly rounded, vaulted, even ribs, separated by slightly wider chan- nelled interspaces ; the whole surface covered with fine, sharp, concen- tric, regular lamella, a little looped backward over the top of the ribs, but showing no appearance of reticulation anywhere; ears small, nearly
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15
symmetrical, covered with more elevated, crowded, concentric lamella, especially near the margins; hinge-margin straight, or even a little concave toward the umbo; peripheral margins of the valves strongly and regularly crenulated and interlocking; interior regularly deeply grooved, to correspond with the external ribs; lower valve slightly con- vex, with about twenty-six regular even ribs, separated by channelled interspaces somewhat narrower than the ribs; the top surface of each rib is flattened with a broad, shallow groove in the middle, with one or two faint riblets on each side of the groove; the whole surface is cov- ered with concentric lamella, like those of the upper valve, but less sharp, and about twice as crowded. LEars subequal, arched, covered with crowded, elevated lamellwe; byssal noteh very small. Height of shell, 90™™; breadth, 100™™; breadth of hinge-line, 34™™"; thickness, roo
This very elegant species, while also showing some general resem- blance to P. caurinus Glid., forms a passage toward the section Janira, and differs in many details from any described west-coast species, recent or fossil, so far as figures and descriptions serve to indicate.
Pecten Hemphillii, n. s. (7943).
This species has a strong general resemblance to the last, and is best described by comparison with it. P. Hemphillii is smaller, with sixteen ribs, as against twenty-six in a P. Stearnsii of the same size, with which throughout it will be compared; the lateral margins of the ears are perpendicular and straight, instead of outwardly rounded; the hinge- line is perfectly straight, not slightly concave; the ribs on the lower valve are flattened above, with symptoms of a groove on the top surface, instead of beautifully roundly vaulted; the interspaces are of course wider; the raised concentric lamellie toward the periphery become long, coarse, and very crowded ; on the lower valve, the shell is more vaulted, with hardly any traces of the raised lamelle, and with larger, rude, hardly flattened, radiating ribs, which show no trace of grooving or riblets ; the ears and byssal notch are smaller and more coarsely sculp- tured. Height, 56™™; breadth, 63™™; breadth of linge-line, 28™™; thickness, 15™™.
This species seems to approach Janira even more closely than the last, but the value of these sections of Pectinide is very questionable.
Anomia limatula, n.s. (7949).
Shell large, thin, irregular, witn a rather thickened hinge-line; exter- nal surface rough (when not worn), like the fresh fractured surface of a piece of china-ware; a few faint radiating lines with the lines of growth comprise the sculpture; shell originally yellowish, and still retaining some of its color and lustre. Normal form apparently that of a Pecten without eurs. Breadth, 75™™; height, 70™™; arch of valve, 10-15".
No lower valves were obtained. This large species is neither A. lampe Gray nor A. (Plac.) macroschisma Desh., which are the only recent spe-
16 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cies known to inhabit these coasts, while the only fossil one, A. subcostata Conrad, a species from the Colorado Desert, appears to be different, as the name would imply. For this reason, I have attached a name to the rather imperfect material received from Mr. Hemphill.
Scalaria Hemphillii, n. s. (7991).
Shell in general resembling a robust specimen of S. indianorum, having from nine to twelve varices on the last whorl, coronated behind near the suture, wholly pure white; surface of the whorls beneath the varices longitudinally delicately sculptured, with alternate riblets and grooves. Length about an inch; apical angle about 30°.
This species has the sculpture of S. bellastriata, but the shape of S. indianorum, and is the only grooved species, except the former, which has yet been reported from this region. All the specimens are decol- late. The specimens were sent by Mr. Hemphill with the suggestion that they might prove to be new, and an examination has confirmed the suggestion. I take much pleasure in dedicating it to its discoverer.
The two species of Cancellaria mentioned were obtained from the San Diego well some years since, but having been mislaid cannot at this moment be identified. Mamma nana Moller is now found living in Arctic seas and fossil in the Tertiary of Japan.
WASHINGTON, February 3, 1878.
THE MANUFACTURE OF PORPOISE-OIL. By Capt. CALEB COOK, of Provincetown, Mass.
About the year 1816, sailors and fishermen having caught a porpoise on their voyage, would sometimes extract the oil from the jaw-bone and give it to carpenters and those who used oil-stones for sharpening their tools. Finding in this way that it did not gum nor glue, suggested the idea that it was just what was wanted for a nice lubricator. It was noticed that the weather at zero would not congeal it, neither would it corrode on brass.
Watchmakers were then using olive-oil as the only fitting oil for watches; but by experimenting with the porpoise-jaw oil they found it superior to the olive or any other oil, consequently the sailors and fish- ermen found a ready market for all they were able to obtain.
This state of things continued until the year 1829, when a shoal of blackfish, about forty in number, was taken at Provincetown, Mass., being the first for many years. Solomon Cook, of that town, took from the jaws of those blackfish a few gallons of oil, and sent it to Ezra Kel- ley, of New Bedford, Mass., a skillful watchmaker, to be tested for watch-oil. Mr. Kelley soon found that this oil was superior to the porpoise-oil, as it had more substance and less chill. He contracted with Solomon Cook to supply him from year to year until 1840, when Solomon Cook died, and his oldest son supplied Mr. Kelley until the
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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. %
demand was so great that the jaws of the blackfish were not sufficient to supply the market.
Porpoise-jaw oil can be refined a little by exposure to the cold at zero, and in that state, with the atmosphere at zero, it is strained through a cotton flannel strainer made in the shape of a cone, but when filtered through paper it is so limpid that it has no lubricating properties what- ever, and becomes useless. This oil is called porpoise-jaw oil, but is taken from the blackfish, belonging in the family of whales, by a method known only by myself. It is warranted not to congeal with cold at zero, though it will thicken and turn a little milky in appearance. It is warranted not to corrode on brass or rust on steel, and it will not glue on the finest watch. Ezra Kelley, of New Bedford, Mass., has made it a business for many years to put it up for watch use, and has Jed in the market, while B. H. Tisdale, of Newport, R. I, and LM. Bachelder, of Boston, are getting quite popular in the European market.
Caleb Cook, youngest son of Solomon, from scientific experiments did discover, about the year 1842, that the melon-oil of the blackfish was far superior to the jaw-oil in every respect—so much so that Mr. Kelley, who had about this time become very popular in preparing this oil for the trade, would not buy it until he was told what it was pro- duced from; and from that time to the present, 1876, Caleb Cook’s blackfish-melon (watch) oil has been refined by Kelley, of New Bedford, Bachelder, of Boston, Tisdale, of Newport, and many others on a smaller scale, for the world’s use. Since the year 1842, Caleb Cook, of Province- town, Mass., claims to be the only person who understands the art of pro- ducing this oil free from all glutinous matter and fit for use. This, he says, is done by a process known only by himself—not by mixing other oils or liquids with it, but by extracting all the acid and gluten from it, and leaving the oil pure for the finest and most delicate machinery. This, he says, cannot be done by the chilling and straining process; for when it becomes perfectly transparent at zero, the lubricating properties are all gone, the oil runs off the pivots, spreads on the plates, dries up, the pivots cut, turn red, and the oil is worse than worthless, for the val- uable timekeeper is no longer what it was once for the want of oil with more substance and lubricating properties.
Porpoise-jaw oil and blackfish-melon oil are worth from $5 to $15 per gallon, according to supply. These oils are sold under the above trade- names, and also under the names “ watch-oil” and ‘“clock-oil”. They are used largely by manufacturers of firearms, watches, and philosoph- ical apparatus. Smith & Wesson, of Springfield, Mass., the Ethan Allen factory, at Worcester, Bye & Johnson, of Worcester, the Howard Watch Company, the Elgin Watch Company, the Waltham Watch Company, and the clock-factories in Connecticut, use them constantly. The philosophical-instrnment makers use them for air-pumps, as they keep the leather always soft and pliable. Telegraph-instrument makers
Proc. Nat. Mus. 783-——2 Published July 1, 1878.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
use them when they can get them. They are used in government light- houses for the clocks of revolving lights. The color of the oils is very light, and can be made very white by placing in the window, where they will bleach in a short time. One drop of water in one pint of the cil will injure it very much.
It may be interesting to know how those fish or whales are taken. They make their appearance about the shores of Cape Cod and Barn- stable Bay from early in the summer until early in winter; and when it becomes known that a shoal of blackfish is in the bay, the boats are manned and proceed at once to get in their rear; and, as the fish are at the surface of the water the most of the time, it is easy to tell how to manage to keep them between the boats and the shore. While in this position the men in the boats will make all the noise with their oars they can, and that will cause them to go in the opposite direction from the boats and toward the shore; and when the fish find that they are in shoal water, by seeing the sandy bottom, they become alarmed, and go with all their might till they run fast aground on the sand. The boats then row in their midst; the men with lance in hand jump out of their boats into the water, and butcher them as a butcher would a hog, and it becomes one of the most exciting occasions that it is possible to imagine, for the water flies in every direction, and the blood flows freely until death puts an end tothe great tragedy. When the water ebbs and leaves them dry, their blubber is taken off, cut in slices, and the oil tried out. About thirty gallons upon an average is what one fish will make, and the melons will average about six quarts. The melons are taken from the top of the head, reaching from the spout-hole to the end of the nose, and from the top of the head down to the upper jaw. When taken off in one piece, they represent a half watermelon, weighing about twenty-five pounds. When the knife is putinto the centre of this melon, the oil runs more freely than the water does from a very nice water- melon—hence the name melon-oil.
About the same time that the blackfish made their appearance in our waters, another of the whale species made its appearance also, called by the fishermen ‘“‘cowfish” and by the historian “‘grampus”. These whales are very much in the shape of the blackfish, only smaller, not so fat, and not so dark-colored. The oil from the melon of this fish is thought to be superior to anything yet found in the blackfish or the porpoise. It is of a very yellow color, and when reduced by the chill- ing and straining process it appears to have all the body and lubricating properties that are wanted for the very best watch-oil; but as it will take one year to determine it by practical experiments, it is thought best to keep it out of the market for the present.
This fish has made its appearance in our waters but three or four times in the last forty years, or about once in ten years. The method of taking it is the same as for the blackfish.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 19
THE CRAIG FLOUNDER OF EUROPE, GLYPTOCEPHALUS CYNO.- GLOSSUS, ON THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA,
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
An unfamiliar pleuronectoid fish was found in our waters, in 1877, by the United States Fish Commission (Prof. S. F. Baird, Commissioner). Numerous specimens were trawled in the deep water off Salem, Mass., on La Have Bank, and on the coast of Nova Scotia, off Halifax, in Halifax Harbor, and in Bedford Basin, Halifax.
A careful study proves that they belong to a well-known European species, the Pleuronectes cynoglossus of Linné, lately referred by Pro- fessor Gill to the genus Glyptocephalus of Gottsche. We also discover the identity of this species with Glyptocephalus acadianus, described by Gill, from a single specimen (No. 12685), taken by the Commission in 1872, from the herring-weir on Treat’s Island, Eastport, Me.
Below are given detailed measurements of twenty-two individuals, including authentically named European specimens from the University
- of Christiania, and the Bonaparte Collection, the type of G. acadianus,
three specimens from Massachusetts Bay, five from La Have Bank, and eleven from the vicinity of Halifax.
The genus of Gottsche was carefully redescribed by Professor Gill in 1873,* and at the same time was published a full specific deseription of the Eastport specimen. Although this description is founded upon an individual which is among the most elongate of the series before us, it is thoroughly satisfactory for all, if the tendency to variation in the following particulars be noted.t
(1) Height of body.—This is stated to be about 24 of length exclusive of caudal, and 34 in total length. In the series studied, the proportions of this element varied, stated in units of hundredths of total length (including caudal), from 0.245 to 0.375, No. 12685 having it 30. An equally wide variation in the European fish is recorded by Parnell.{
The Plewronectes elongatus of Yarrell is not nearly so elongated as No. 21061 a (the figure of Couch has height about 0.275); and since no other diagnostic characters have been described, we place it without hesitation in the synonymy of G. cynoglossus.
(2) Height of caudal peduncle—This element is subject to very slight variation, measuring usually 0.07 of total in both European and Amer- ican specimens. The most elongate, slender forms have it slightly nar- rower. In No. 12685 it measures 0.06, and 0.065 in No. 21001 b.
(3) Length of head.—This varies from 0.15 to 0.175. In No. 12685 the
* Ona new American species of Pleuronectoid (Glyptocephalus acadianus). By Theo-
dore Gill, M.D. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1873, pp. 360-362.
t Instead of having its radial formula D.110 ; A. 100, as stated in the description, No. 12685 has it D. 107; A. 96.
{ Fishes of the Frith of Forth, p. 210, pl. xxxviii, and in Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, vii, p. 370.
20) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
length is 0.15, and in the European specimens 0.15 and 0.1575 (Christi- ania specimen). The smallest proportion is represented by specimens from Massachusetts Bay and Halifax.
(4) Teeth.—_In number these are extremely variable. No. 12685, ac- cording to Gill, had on the blind side 17 above and 20 below, on the eye side 6 above and 7 below. A Salem specimen, larger and older, had on the blind side, above 26, below 28, on the eye side, above 13, below 14. In young individuals, the teeth present the characters described by Gill, having the teeth on the eyed side conical and separated. This peculiarity disappears with age, all large specimens showing closely set incisorial teeth upon both sides of each jaw.
(5) Length of pectoral.—This is extremely variable within limits of 0.09 and 0.14. This measurement refers to the fin upon the colored side. Its shape is also variable; it is sometimes pointed, sometimes obtuse, owing to difference in comparative length of the upper rays. It is usually black, with a narrow whitish tip. The number of rays varies from 9 to 14.
(6) Length of ventrals.—This is also extremely variable on both sides. The range on the blind side is 0.0475 to 0.07, and on the eyed side 0.056 to 0.0775. The difference between the length of the two fins upon the same individual varies from 0.0025 to 0.0155.
(7) Contour of lateral line—In some individuals this is essentially straight, in others considerably arcuated above the pectoral. This appears to be an individual variation. The two European specimens show a perceptible difference in this respect. In his diagnosis of Plew- ronectes cynoglossus, Dr. Giinther states that the lateral line is straight, without curve.
(8) Position of the eyes.—Dr. Giinther states that in P. elongatus the upper eye is in advance of the lower. This is doubtless quoted trom Yarrell. Neither the figure of Yarrell nor that of Couch indicates any such character.
(9) Scales in lateral line—The number cn the blind side ranges from 109 to 150, on the eye side from 110 to 140, there being no relation be- tween the qukeeeae sides of the same fish.
(10) Radial formula.—In the dorsal this ranges from 102 to 0 120; in the anal, from 87 to 100. There is no apparent relation between the number of rays and the relative proportions of height and length of body. A large number of rays in the dorsal is usually accompanied by a relatively large number in the anal.
(11) Transverse rows of scales—Their number above and below the lateral line is nearly equal. The range is about from 40 to 50. There appears to be no relation of number of transverse rows to comparative height of body.
The thermal range of the species appears to be defined nearly by the limits 34° and 45° F,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21
The synonymy of the genus and species stands somewhat as follows :— GENUS.
Glyptocephalus, GoTTscHE, Archiv fiir Naturg. i, 1835, p. 156. —BLEECKER, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, xiiii—Gm1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, p. 360.
SPECIES.
Giyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linné) Gill.
Pleuronectes oculis a dextris totus glaber, ARTEDI, Gen. 14, N. 3; Mas. Ichth. No. 39; Synon. p. 31, N. 3.
Pleuronectes cynoglossus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 269; ed. xii, 1766, i, p- 456.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, p. 449.
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, p. 361.
Pleuronectes pola, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. (Suites 4 Buffon), 1819, iv, p. 401.
Platessa pola, CUVIER.—PARNELL, Nat. Hist. Fish. Frith of Forth, 1838, p. 210, pl. xxxviiii—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Fish. 1841, ii, p. 315.—Coucu, Fishes British Islands, iii, 1864, p. 190.
Pleuronectes saxicola, FABER, Isis, 1828, p. 877.
Glyptocephalus saxicola, GOTTSCHE, I. c.
Pleuronectes nigromanus, Ni~sson, Prodr. Ichth. Scand. 1832, p. 55.
Platessa elongata, YARRELL, op. cit. p. 318.—GUNTHER, op. cit. p. 450.—CoucH, op. cit. p. 193.
Glyptocephalus elongatus, GILL, op. cit. p. 362.
Glyptocephalus acadianus, GILL, op. cit. p. 361, and in Barrp’s Report on Fish- eries of South Coast of New England, 1873, p. 794.
Dr. Giinther suggests that the fish first cited by Fabricius (Fauna Groenlandica, p. 163), under the name of Pleuronectes cynoglossus, and subsequently named by him Pleuronectes pinguis (Afhandling. Kongel. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Naturvid. og Math., Copenhagen, vol. i, 1824, p. 45), is probably identical with this species. The true rela- tions of the Greenland fish have already been pointed out by Professor Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 218), as well as the curious misapprehension by which the synonymy of P. pinguis and the halibut has been confounded.
The following tables give detailed measurements of twenty-three specimens, and a list of all the specimens in the National Museum :—
bo bo
PROCEEDINGS OF- UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
TABLE I.—Catalogue of specimens in National Museum.
Catalogue number Number of specimens
T
Locality.
When col-
lected! From whom received.
Nature of apecimen
i
21000 | 13 | Massachusetts Bay, off Salem....| Aug. —, 1877
210013), il) Latave Bank: 2. ssccjseme ee sias|eae eee Coe ean e cee 21005 29) Halifax. :scscswecceeckiccmec ses aeeers Coys css: 21017 3 | 27 milessouth by west from Che-| Sept. 6, 1877 bucto Head. 21OT9) | 20))| alifaxe ese eenesieeeeeeee see ee Sept. 4, 1877 21032 NG teisievere O02 seteuepc cetcesMee ones Sept. 11, 1877 21047 2 | Halifax (trawl 113 and 114) ...... Sep!. 24, 1877 21056 4 Massacbusptte Bayer ewes cetera Aug. 6,1877 21057 Loi] sate ata Oh Ol mreinin camieioleiate ee matali etal eaters GOenaselc 21058 2 Hewenolueeus Bay (trawl 32, 90 | Aug. 14, 1877 fathoms). 21059 1°) alifax’(trawil'd4)o-ceceecse race Aug. 25, 1877 21060 1 | Halifax (trawl 44) ..........-.... Aug. 21, 1877 21061 3 | 27 miles off Chebucto (trawl 85)..| Sept. 6, 1877 21062 1 | Halifax (trawl 106, 111 fathoms) ..| Sept. 20) 1877 21063 1} Bedford Basin (trawl 111, 37 | Sept. 21) 1877
fathoms).
astport, Me
1 17355 1 | Christiania, Norway 1
Hurppelsesasas-eserac cent Salne sidibis| asc awiaisistas oe Bonaparte Collection .....-.. fee tela otal ote ee letetotet atta Norwegian Government --.. eee eee Aug. —, 1872 | United States Fish Commis-
sion.
TABLE II.—Measurements.
Current number of specimen| 10,068 17,355 21,000 a 21000 b 21,000 ¢ 12,685 |21,001la@ Europe, (Christiania! yrassachn-| Massachu-| Massachu- La Have Locality -.-...-:----.a9=- ; Honenerle Peay setts Bay. | setts Bay. | setts Bay. Eastport. Bank, 100ths. 100ths. 100ths. 100ths. 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. eee length, in inches. . 15. 75 1515 17. 25 19 23 9.5 9.9 ody : Greatest height. ......---- 0. 315 0. 33 0. 34 0. 325 0. 34 0. 30 0. 307 Least height of tail ....... 0. 07 OF OT tate a ere miata ( teetatttelatel eter teeta OS0G" | Seno ; Head: Greatest length........... 0.15 0. 156 0.155 0.15 0. 165 0.05 0.16 Length of maxillary ...... 0. 035 503704) saeeme eee as| ocean | (eaters seaee USUERM Bacresoc Length of mandible..-....- 0.05 ONOD Ml Fosemen cee | ease et eas tame state O05 Rhee Diameter of orbit......--. 0. 05 0.05 alates mntete! | emer = = el eee ate O05. tas se Pectoral: Distance from snout...... 0. 16 Qo1G i) les ees ae oe oS ae ce ete cee aetelsien O..16 “[sostees. Heupthercssscsete scence 0. 09 O; 1059 | Seesce casa eeinecin ec | seacteweeeer OO ateeetee : Ventral: Distance from snout.....- (0. 19) 0.18 Savee cna c|sancsanccaclseeesraceaa| AO.dlil nm] memeaete Length (blind side) . 0. 05 05056" || <Secteeees 0. 05% 0. 055 0. 06 0. 052 (eye side) . 0. 056 0:}062; 1) 2228s eee C. 057 0. 057 0. 065 0. 065 Marsalis. sco secnceonices 112 103 112 110 110 107 101 PANTIAN) Sass 2 Satan cemiosie Sa sane e 99 87 90 93 91 96 87 Pectoral 5.3 3scsecsccesccshoe i 11 12 11 13 12 11 Ventral. - = Seiseeee sere 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Number of scales in lateral line (blind’ side)... -.255. 117 114 150 138 136 128 113 (GVO'RIDO). obo cinwcce os 115 116 140 133 134 118 117
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
TABLE IJ.—Measurements—Continued.
23
Current number of specimen} 21,0010] 21,001¢ | 21,001d | 21,901e | 21,005@ | 21,005b | 21,017 | 21,0474 MioGalitys-sceresaece deen cq La Have.|La Have.|La Have.|LaHave.| Halifax.) Halifax. | Halifax. | Halifax. 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. Extremo length, ininches ..| 10.2 11.5 12 12. 25 15. 75 19 16. 25 19 Body: Greatest height........... 0. 295 0. 299 0.33 0. 325 0. 37 0.35 0. 336 0. 32 Least height of tail. ...... QNOG SH Sie araioie acl cme cs lato [lemic oyetetae | ew ae ierearel bre emote cierto eel leer see Head: Greatest length.....-..... 0. 16 0. 16 0. 165 0.16 0. 155 0. 155 0. 157 0,155 Length of maxillary ...... ONO Se eerie cee acorininne| (less = eco laa come elem acre eer emcee teteeets ee Mencunoh mandi blesses ae |e Os U0 gi|amecese «i| eettata at] aetleerte «|e =/1 aie ete | poe se mar eeieeine on |eemereers AIMS DELLOMOL DU bee eee iae | seniors ora lieve aie ois orate sis ee syaimratel lois erence Srelllc atavotrcvotate | reais ere eee cl eee Pectoral: DISTANCE LLOMGGNOUb sacha ate set se [een oe ea ec | ca.ctnais sais lant srciein'= [ote caeieinl|beniiasen| seeece est |lsemeeitee Hier ots seme oeee sels messicel= 1s] (clee'e eis om oioefeisisiciniaiaceisie.e sel acinie setae cee cites | Ge aeee aan tenner Ventral: Distanceifirom! snout\.c..~-\|cone---<| cece - ni esol | ces see etE seeeretece sees tebe aeeges|l seems Length (blind side)-...-..- 0. 052 ONO4T cc ccecee 0.055 0. 053 0. 047 0. 055 0. 057 (eye side) H ON058) [eee cos 0. 065 0. 062 0. 063 0. 06 0. 063 MONSAl Se ecese as. 110 107 113 105 120 106 111 Anal S28 cas Stee saseses z 95 83 98 92 100 90 95 Pectoral ..... aan aseleecte sar 11 12 13 12 1 12 10 RWONtTAals = S82). es sees sheet Gite au [Rete ak 6 6 6 6 6 Number of scales in lateral line (blind side) ..-....... 112 130 115 117? 109 133 125 127 (GVORUG) Ssessesecsce 119 128 110 117? 115 127 128 125 Current number of specimen| 21,0475 | 21,019@ | 21,0195 | 21,019¢|21,019d|21,019e| 21,032 | 21,061a DGOCANULY/memen|sem cinco eo a/=-'- Halifax. | Halifax. | Halifax.|Halifax.|Halifax. Halifax.) Halifax. | Halifax. 100ths. 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths.} 100ths. | 100ths. Extreme length, ininches..| 24. 25 21.5 19 20 20.25 | 19 19.25 | 114 mm. y: Greatest height. .-.......-. 0. 37 0. 365 0. 375 0. 316 0. 33 0. 34 0. 365 0. 245 Least height of tail ....--.|......-.:. 0. 07 ONOG) owas cea ee croletstercl|cisietsisteise| eeereine sisters 0. 055 Head: Greatest length...-.....- 0.175 0. 16 0.156 | 0.152] 0.155} 0.15 0.175 0.165 Length of maxillary ......|......---- 0. 03 ONO3 0 Se sereeert eemcia srl casei alae eee ate 0.045 Length of mandible. ......|...-..---- 0. 05 0:05!" noteeese ate ce se lecnccocetemeceineren 0. 06 DiameverotL OLDit= ses. <e-|s 226-52 0.05 ONOS) [2emrenretec|| ae crete eisareowe| seeeeerne 0. 06 Pectoral : Distance from snout ......|......-.-- O: 157) OF160)| cede cal ease canc| ta oosmas|jencecee ss 0.17 Neon hee tenia ses cea. ||s cise cicle 0.14 Oral te ecodac |[Ssasagad| scoscaod |oocecescoe 0.08 | Ventral: | Distance from snont......|....-.-.-- 0.17 Oso |e ccce cel stes cies |e cocwaenl|Seoeeseees 0. 20 | Length (blind side) ....... 0. 047 0. 07 0.057 | 0.065 | 0.055 | 0.05 0. 067 0. 055 (eye side) .-..-.-.. 0.06 0. O77 0. 067 0.075 | 0.06 0. 06 0. 077 0. 055 MIOTSAlS acest kisses 106 109 113 106 114 102 106 104 PATO eR es bok ee bene SS 92 98 99 91 97 87 90 87 POGLOTAL en! ccccis sce sence 12 12 11 lL 11 11 11 14 Mentraleners sce scscemonees 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Number of scales in lateral line (blind side) 117 117 130 132 131 119 LOOT NM die actesa ts (eyelside)-= 2s een. - 122 121 130 117 127 115 1A ES el ee Oar
NOTE ON SHELLS FROM COSTA RICA KITCHENMIDDEN, COL- LECTED BY DRS. FLINT AND BRANSFORD.
By W. Hl. DALL.
In their archeological explorations in Costa Rica, while examining the shell-mounds of Culebra near the western coast, a number of shells were obtained from the mounds to exhibit the species of which the shell-heaps were composed. They are, of course, in a semi-fossil condi-
24 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tion and usually broken, but the following species have been identified :— Phyllonotus nigritus Mensch., Strombus gracilior Sby., Arca grandis Brod., Chione dionwa Menke, Cardium procerum Sby., and Cardium con- sors B. & S. These species, which formed part of the food-supply of the former inhabitants, are abundant in the fauna of the Gulf of California at the present day.
FEBRUARY 22, 1878.
ABSENEIC ACID FOR PROTECTING ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS FROM INSECTS.
By 3. B. S. JACKSON, M. D.
Arsenic acid is most intensely strong, and comes in the form of a solid and of a liquid, and the two are of about equal strength. Half an ounce (avoirdupois) of the one, or one-half of a fluid-ounce of the other, is to be added to a pint (f3 xvj) of soft water, and it is ready for use. Any membranous preparation that is to be distended and dried, as a portion of the alimentary canal, any of the hollow organs, an Ovarian cyst, an aneurism, and many preparations that are not to be distended, will be most thoroughly protected, I believe, by the arsen- ical solution. A solution of corrosive sublimate will probably prove an equal protection ; but the membrane, when dried, has a disagreeably opaque and ash-colored look, whereas, after the arsenical solution, it dries without any change. I cover the preparation fairly with the solu- tion, and leave it for about twenty minutes, then take it out, let it drain, then inflate or distend it, and, lastly, hang it up to dry.
Boston, Mass., February 19, 1878.
THE OCEANIC BONITO ON THE COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
A specimen of the Oceanic Bonito, Orcynus pelamys (Linné) Poey, was captured off Provincetown, Mass., in July or August, 1877, and taken to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy by Mr. James H. Blake. The specimen was lent to the Fish Commission for study. Drawings have been made, and a table of measurements and description are here presented.
The specimen measures 447 millimetres (17.6 inches) to the end of the caudal carina. In form it closely resembles Orcynus alliteratus. The caudal rays are frayed, and their length cannot be exactly determined. The height of the body is a trifle more than one-fourth (0.26) of the length. The circumference of the body (0.71) is equal to the distance from snout to origin of anal (0.70). The length of the head (0.30) is
ee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 25
contained 34 times in length of body. The width of the interorbital region (0.075) is as much less than the length of snout (0.08) as it is greater than the length of the operculum (0.07). The length of the maxillary (0.11) is nearly equal to that of the ventral (0.115), and more than double the diameter of the orbit (0.05). The length of the man- dible (0.14) is double that of the operculum.
The distance of the first dorsal fin from the snout (0.34) is slightly greater than that of the pectoral (0.325), and less than that of the ven- tral (0.38) by a distance nearly equal to the diameter of the orbit; it is also a trifle less than half the distance from the snout to the origin of the anal (0.70).
The length of the first dorsal spine (0.145) is double the length of the longest anal ray (0.0725). The distance from the origin of the first dorsal to the end of the base of the second dorsal (0.36) is four times the length of the anal base (0.09).
The length of the pectoral (0.15) is less than half its distance from the snout (0.325), and exactly half the length of the head; it is con- tained 62 times in the length of the body; its origin is slightly in advance of the origin of the dorsal, while its extremity reaches to the vertical from the tenth dorsal ray.
The length of the ventral (0.115) is about one-third that of the dis- tance of the first dorsal from the snout.
The corslet is very prominent. Its contour is defined by lines begin- ning at the edge of the branchial cleft, about midway between the axil of the pectoral and the median line of the belly, extending below, beyond, and around the extremity of the pectoral (which, when normally placed, touches with its tip the outer margin of the corslet), then extending be- yond its tip for a distance nearly equal to its length, round up into the lateral line, down which a narrow tract of scales continues to its extrem- ity, though narrowed toa single row after passing its curve; passing the lateral line, the contour of the corslet curves forward and inward, then ascending to a point distant from the median line of the back about the diameter of the orbit, it follows backward in a direction parallel to this line, to a point opposite the posterior extremity of the second dorsal, where it curves upward to the median line of the body, and completes its circuit.
When viewed from above, the rows of scales appear to be arranged concentrically about the origin of the first dorsal fin. The scales are largest along the edges of the pectoral arch and the dorsal fin, decreas- ing rapidly in size as they recede from these regions. There are about
thirty rows between the dorsal and the upper margin of the pectoral, normally placed.
Radial Formula.—D. XIV, 2412, VIII A.2+ 12, VII. P.28. V.6. Color.—The upper parts must have been deep blue in life; the belly and flanks below lateral line, the opercles, and throat, pearly opalescent white. The lower part of the pectoral arch and tracts at the base of
26 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the ventrals and anal, as well as those parts of the opercles where the bone is close to the outer skin, were of a chalky white. The corslet is bronzed brown in the alcoholic specimen.
There are four distinct bluish lines upon the sides, which are nearly parallel with the lateral line, and which constitute the most prominent specific character. The first of these begins directly under the tip of the pectoral, the second at the margin of the corslet, at a point in the line from the upper to the lower axillary angles of the pectoral. The third and fourth are rather indistinct anteriorly, but are very distinct in the posterior half of the body, and are about as far distant from each other as are the first two, the interval between the two pairs being slightly greater than that between the members of each pair, and equal to the diameter of the orbit. The first or uppermost line is nearly straight, the others, following the lower contour of the body, curve upward over the anal fin, and all four become lost in the darker color of the caudal peduncle.
This is without doubt the Scomber Pelamis of Linné, characterized by him as “Scomber pinnulis inferioribus VII, corpore lineis utrinque qua- tuor nigris” (Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, i, p. 297), and given by Giinther as Thynnus pelamys (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1860, p. 364). It is hope- lessly confused by Cuvier and Valenciennes with Pelamys sarda. Pro- fessor Poey assigned it to its present generic relations in 1868 (Syn. Pisce. Cubens. p. 362).
The geographical distribution of this species-is not very well known, owing to the uncertainty of its synonymy. The British Museum has two stuffed specimens, one from the Cape Seas, and one from Yarrell’s Collection of British fishes. Couch records it from the Frith of Clyde (July), and from Cumberland, England, and Ireland. Poey has it from Cuba. It has also been recorded from the seas of India and China.
The presence of this form upon our coast was first suggested by Messrs. E. G. Blackford and Barnet Phillips of New York, who recognized the species in New York Market from the plates in Couch’s History of Brit- ish Fishes. Only one was seen, and it was unfortunately not preserved. This was in the summer of 1873; and as none have since been found, it may be said, with some oo that the species is at present ouly accidental in our fauna.
DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIAN TERTIARY FOSSILS. By W. H. DALL.
Further information has been received from Mr. Hemphill in regard to the Tertiary fossils enumerated lately in these Proceedings. These facts, having an important bearing on geological and faunal a are now summarized.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oe
STRATA OF THE SAN DIEGO PENINSULA.
The long, low, narrow strip of land lying between San Diego Bay and the ocean is locally known as the Peninsula. It appears to have been pierced formerly by narrow channels or outlets by which the waters of the bay communicated with the sea, and even now, in heavy storms, the surf breaks over the barrier. At high-water mark is a stratum about four feet thick, containing fossils mingled in a confused manner, above which is a bed of fine sand extending to the surface of the pen- insula, and having a total thickness of some twelve feet. From the lower bed (A) were obtained the following species :—
Corbula luteola. Drilliia Hemphillii. Tellina modesta. Mangilia angulata. Inecina Nuttall. Odostomia gravida. Pecten paucicostatus. Turbonilla chocolata. Nucula exigua. Turbonilla virgo. Rhectaxis punctocelata. Turbonilla torquata. Tornatina cerealis. Hulima micans. Tornatina eximia. Scalaria indianorum. Tolvula cylindrica. Cerithiopsis assimillata. Melampus olivaceus. Olivella biplicata. Dentalium hexagonum. Olivella boetica. Vitrinella sp. Nassa fossata var. Crucibulum spinosum. Nassa perpinguis. Crepidula adunca. Neverita, var. alta. Serpulorbis squamigerus. Nitidella Gouldii. Titorina scutulata. Amphissa versicolor. Lacuna solidula. Pteronotus festivus. Rissoina Woodwardi? Fish teeth and a sp. of Serpula.
Myurella simplex.
From the sand bed (B) were obtained,—
Periploma argentaria. Macoma nasuta. Macoma secta. Mactra californica. Macoma indentata.
_In the lowest part exposed of bed A are found Cardium procerum, Dosinia ponderosa, and Anomia limatula, but they do not seem to be scattered through the general body of the stratum.
STRATA OF THE MAINLAND.
On the mainland near the town of San Diego, the land is rather low, gradually rising inland toward some bluffs. To the eastward of the town, or what is known locally as the “railroad land”, a stratum (A’) four or five feet thick is exposed at high-water mark, and, like the stratum A of the peninsula, contains a confused aggregation of fossils, at the bottom of which is a layer of the upper valves of Anomia lima-
28 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tula, hardly mixed with any other species, and containing, so far as could be discovered, no perfect specimens or lower valves.
Stratum A?’ is regarded by Mr. Hemphill as the outcropping of an extensive formation, probably underlying the whole of the level land back to the bluffs, and presenting estuarine characters. It is sur- mounted by, or passes into, a fine sandy deposit (B*), at least seventy feet thick in some places, containing fossils scattered through it, and it is in this stratum that the fossils from the well were found. In nearly all the wells that have been sunk in San Diego, fossils have been found, showing that the bed is of wide extent as well as of great thickness.
The following fossils were afforded by stratum A? :—
Pholadidea ovoidea. Solecurtus californianus. Macoma sabulosa ? Tellina Bodegensis. Donax flexuosus. Mactra falcata. Clementia subdiaphana. Chione simillima.
Chione succincta. Dosinia ponderosa. Saxvidomus aratus jun. Petricola pholadiformis ?
Cardium procerum. Ostrea lurida. Anomia limatula. Fissurellidea callomarginata. Crucibulum spinosum. Cerithidea sacrata. Drillia penicillata. Scalaria indianorum. Ranella muriciformis. Nassa fossata.
Nassa tegula. Cerostoma Nuttallii.
From the well-digging in stratum B? came,—
Venericardia monilicosta. Arca microdonta,
Leda coelata.
Pecten expansus.
Janira dentata.
Mamma nana.
Crepidula princeps. Turritella Cooperi. Turbonilla stylina. Nassa mendica. Cylichna alba. Cadulus fusiformis.
To which may be added the following species not enumerated from that locality in the list (pp. 11-12) in these Proceedings, but also obtained by
Mr. Hemphill: —
Glottidia albida Hds. Xylotrya sp. (tubes).
Cryptomya californica Conr.
Solen rosaceus Cpr.
Solecurtus californianus Conr.
Macoma expansa Cpr.
Clementia subdiaphana Cpr. Cardium centifilosum Cpr.
Lucina Nuttallit Conr. Lucina acutilineata Conr.
Ineina tenuisculpta Cpr. Cryptodon flecuosus Mont. Modiola recta Conr.
Nucula exigua Sby.
Acila Lyallit Bd.
Pecten hastatus Sby.
Janira florida Hds.
Ostrea conchaphila Cpr. Placunanomia macroschisma Desh. Tornatina eximia Bd.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29
Cylichna cylindracea Linn. Dentalium hexagonum Sby. Dentalium semipolitum B. & S.
Siphonodentalium. pusillum ? Gabb.
Calliostoma annulatum Martyn. Galerus filosus Gabb. Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. Turritella Jewettii Cpr. Bittium asperum Cpr. Myurella simplex Cpr.
Drillia (four sp. undet.). Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb. Mangilia variegata Cpr. Mangilia (four sp. undet.). Clathurella Conradiana Gabb. Odostomia straminea Cpr. var. Odostomia sp.
Turbonilla torquata Cpr. EHulima rutila Cpr.
Scalaria subcoronata Cpr. Cancellaria (four sp. undet.). Neverita Recluziana Petit. Sigaretus debilis Gld. Ranella Mathewsonii Gabb. Olivella boetica Cpr.
Nassa fossata Gld.
Astyris tuberosa Cpr. Astyris sp.
Ocinebra lurida Cpr. Pteronotus festivus Hds. Trophon orpheus Gld.
Colus Dupetithouarsi? Kien. Volutopsis (sp. undet.). Chrysodomus Diegoensis Dall.
About ten miles northward from San Diego, on the seacoast of Cali-
fornia, are beds of coarse sandstone, of considerable thickness, dipping to the northward. About twenty feet of it (stratum C) are fossiliferous, containing the shells, not aggregated in a confused mass, as in some other cases above mentioned, but distributed much as they might have been while living. According to Mr. Hemphill, these fossils have not the aspect of an estuary deposit, but rather that of animals living in the open sea. Pecten expansus occurring in both the well (B?) formation and this sandstone, Mr. Hemphill supposes that they may be of identical age, but that the different assemblage of species may be due to the one being formed in an estuary and the other on an open coast. This sand- stone bed contained, among others, the following species :—
Ostrea Veatchii. Lucina acutilineata. Opalia anomala. Opalia varicostata. Scalaria tincta. Scalaria Hemphillit
Pecten islandicus. Pecten hericeus.
Pecten ventricosus. Pecten expansus.
Pecten Stearnsii. Pecten Hemphillii. Pecten wquisuleatus var
Adjoining bed C, and composed of recent alluvial soil, eight or ten feet above tide-water, is another stratum (D), in which the specimens are in a poor state of preservation, and nearly all found living near San Diego at the present time. This bed afforded,—
| Axinea profunda.
| Aemea mitra. Acmeea insessa. Fissurella voleano.
Laqueus californicus. Cumingia californica. Tapes staminea. Lucina acutilineata.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Chlorostoma Pfeifferi. Mitra maura.
Sureula Carpenteriana. Monoceros engonatum. Conus californicus. Purpura crispata. Neverita Recluziana. Fusus Harfordi.
Near Santa Barbara, the outcrop (C’) upon the seabeach afforded a few fossils, some of which were similar to species obtained from the San Diego well. Among these were the following, all recent species :—
Venericardia monilicosta. Astyris gausapata. Bittium quadrifilatum. Amphissa versicolor. Bittium asperum. Trophon orpheus ? jun.
Lacuna vincta.
The formation within whose limits the beds above described are to be included extends from the Pribiloff Islands southward, at least to Yesso Island, Japan, on the west, and to Chili on the east. A fruitful locality is at Cerros Island, Lower California, from whence Waldheimia Kennedyt Dall, and alsoa number of the species referred to in the preceding article, have been obtained, some of which are described by Gabb in the Paleontology of California.
Jurassic or Cretaceous beds appear to exist at Todos, Santos Bay, Lower California, not far from San Diego. Mr. Hemphill collected here, and has presented to the National Museum, half a dozen species not yet critically examined, but containing a fine specimen belonging to the Rudiste, which have hitherto been hardly known as American fossils.
Marcu 2, 1878.
A BEVISION OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRE- VOORTIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ANEW SPECIES FROM THE GULE OF MEXICO.
By G BROWN GOODE.
The type of the genus Brevoortia of Gill is the species described in 1802 by Latrobe under the name of Clupea tyrannus, and later by Mitch- ill under the name of Clupea menhaden. As has been already indicated,* the former name has the prior claim to adoption, and the species must be called Brevoortia tyrannus. Of this species, there appear to be two geographical races or varieties. One of these is the typical form of the Atlantic coast of the United States, the other a closely allied form from the coast of Brazil, already described by Spix under the name of Clupanodon aureus. For the northern form, the name of Mitchill should be retained, and the two varieties may be distinguished as Brevoortia tyrannus var. menhaden, and Brevoortia tyrannus var. aureus. On the coast of Patagonia and Paraguay occurs a well-marked species described by Jenyns under the name of Alosa pectinata. This species is readily
*Vide supra, p. 3
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ol
distinguished by its larger scales, which are arranged in 18 to 20 lateral rows, instead of 25 to 27, as in B. tyrannus. The generic relations of this species were recognized many years ago by Professor Gill, and its name should stand as Brevoortia pectinata, (Jenyns) Gill.
A third species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. It is distinguished by its larger head and fins. It appears to have never been described, and for this form the name Brevoortia patronus is proposed. It is accom- panied by the same Crustacean parasite that is found in the mouths of B. tyrannus, to which Latrobe gave the significant specific name of pregustator.
Brevoortia tyrannus, (Latrobe) Goode.
Diagnosis. —Head and jaws short, the length of the head less than one-third of the length of the body, less the caudal fin, especially short in var. aurea ; the maxillary in length much less than three-twentieths of the length of the body. Height of body about one-third of total length, in very fat individuals three-eighths. ins comparatively short, the height of the dorsal less than length of maxillary, and considerably less than three-tenths of length of body, that of the anal usually less than half that of maxillary, that of ventral always less than one-tenth of total length, the length of middle caudal rays one-fifth that of body and less, that of exterior caudal rays usually about three-fourths, often less than two-thirds, and rarely more than five-sixths of total length. Fins all shorter in var. aurea. Insertion of ventral far behind tip of pectoral. Insertion of dorsal about equidistant from snout and base of middle caudal rays, but varying two or three one-hundredths to either side of the median point, and always slightly behind the vertical from insertion of ventrals.
Seales of medium size, much serrated, arranged very irregularly in 24-26 transverse and 60-80 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath at base of pectoral not large. Squamation of caudal lobes moderate.
Operculum strongly striated in var. menhaden, almost smooth in var. aurea. '
Scapular blotch conspicuous.
This species is easily distinguished from Brevoortia patronus by its shorter head and fins, by its slenderer body, and its pectinated scales, and from B. pectinata by its smaller, less regularly arranged, and more numerous scales, and its shorter, less furcate caudal fin.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS.
Head.—The length of the head varies from 0.28 to 0.35. The poste- rior end of the maxillary extends to a point in the vertical from the centre of the orbit. The length of the skull, as indicated by the ‘“ distance from snout to nape”, varies from 0.19 to 0.23. The length of snout, measured from a line drawn perpendicularly through the centre of the orbit, varies from 0.09 to 0.11. The length of maxillary varies from
32 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
0.12 to 0.145; that of mandible from 0.15 to 0.18. The diameter of the | eye enters 44 times in the length of the head. Its width varies from —
0.11 to 0.15 in very fat individuals.
Shape of Body.—This is exceedingly variable, and the variation is caused largely by the fatness of the individual. In very plump ones, the expansion of the belly throws back the origin of the ventrals and anal, and greatly changes the appearance of the fish. In the specimens before me, the height of the body ranges from 0.31 to 0.385. The table of measurements subjoined shows the effect of increased height of body upon the other measurements of proportion.
Fins.—The range of variation in the position of the dorsal is indi- cated in the diagnosis. There is no appreciable correlation between the positions of the dorsal and anal in the same specimen. The insertion of the anal is distant from the snout from 0.68 to 0.75. The lengths of the rays in dorsal, anal, ventral, and caudal vary much, as the table of measurements indicates. In the caudal, the upper lobes vary from 0.16 to 0.25; the lower lobes from 0.18 to 0.27. The relation of the pectoral and ventral fins is much affected by the length of the head, the inser- tion of the former being thrown much further back in long-headed indi- viduals.
Scales.—The degree of serration varies much in individuals as well as the squamation of the bases of the vertical fins and the number and regularity of the body-scales. In young individuals, the scales are
arranged with much regularity; but, in adults, I have strong reason to ~ believe that scales are intercalated here and there, throwing the arrange- —
ment into great disorder, and rendering an accurate enumeration impos- sible.
Varieties.—The series before me embraces some two hundred specimens ‘of Brevoortia tyrannus of various ages, seasons, and localities. Almost every feature is subject to wide variations, and there is usually no decided
correlation between different characters except that a long head is accom- ~
panied usually by long jaws, and a pectoral set farther back and extend- ing more nearly to the insertion of the ventral. There are, however, certain groups of individuals which can be included within a diagnosis which may serve to distinguish them from all the others of the same species. ‘To what extent it is desirable to define varieties which are
not separated geographically, I am not well satisfied. The exact mean- ~
ing of the terms ‘‘sub-species” and “variety” as employed by Cope, Coues, Gill, Yarrow, and other recent writers has not been definitely
interpreted. It seems desirable, however, to designate in some way — the limits of variation from the normal specific type in different direc-— tions. With this purpose, and premising that by a variety I mean sim-— ply a divergent form, connected by intermediate forms with the typical —
= %
specific form, I have thought it desirable to name provisionally two
varieties, and to call attention to others which may possibly exist. This & is done with much hesitation, and only with a view to an attempt to
ai te i a a ne aa nae re ata
on ¥
ES ras FR
tlh
‘
v
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 33
formulate the minor differences to be observed between fish of the same species on different parts of our coast. A precisely parallel case is to be found in the shad of the different Atlantic rivers, which are well known to exhibit strong distinctive marks. Very possibly every school of menhaden has its own characteristics. In every case where I have had an opportunity to observe them, the individuals composing the same school were closely similar to each other.
The typical form of the species as now defined is taken from the coast of Southern New England and the Middle States. It has the height of the body about one-third of the total length, the head three-tenths of the total length, or a little more, the maxillary long (0.14 to 0.143) and exceeding the height of the dorsal.
The species described by Spix under the name of Clupanodon aureus cannot be distinguished by any apparent specific characters from Bre- voortia tyrannus, since one or more of the specimens of the latter species before me partake of some of the peculiarities of the Brazilian form. There is, however, a general average of characters exhibited by the Brazil- ian specimens as well as by the figure of Spix, with which they closely agree, which seems to me to entitle them, for the present at least, to recog- nition as belonging to a distinet geographical variety. The distin«tive characters appear to consist in (1) a greater average height of body; (2) a lesser length of head ; (3) a lesser average length of maxillary and mandible; (4) a slightly lower anal and dorsal fin ; (5) a greater average distance of anal from snout ; (6) a greater average length of the middle eaudal rays; (7) a shorter average pectoral ; (8) a more regular arrange- ment of the scales, and a more luxuriant growth of small scales at tke bases of the fins.
A number of specimens from Noank, taken in 1874, vary quite as much from the normal type and in almost the same respect as the variety just described. The maxillary and mandible are shorter, however, than in the Brazilian form, the anal fin lower, and the lobes of the caudal are extremely short, sometimes hardly exceeding in length the pectoral fin. But for the fact that these specimens show almost all tbe charac- ters of the Brazilian Brevoortia, and in some cases exaggerations of them, I should be inclined to consider the aurea a distinet species. Having with some hesitation allowed it the rank of a variety, the ques- tion must be decided as to the propriety of also allowing varietal rank to this peculiar form from Noank. The exact meaning of the terms sub- species and variety as recently employed by zoologists is not very clear to my mind, but I infer that a “ variety” is composed of an assemblage of individuals varying uniformly from the typical specifie form in a degree sufficient to be susceptible of description and definition, though not necessarily separated from it by the absence of connecting forms. Premising then that in giving to the Noank specimens a varietal name my object is simply to define the limits of variation from the normal
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 3 May 8S, I878.
34 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
type in a given direction, I would provisionally propose that they be designated as variety brevicaudata.
The specimens from the Saint John’s River, Florida, are extremely variable in every respect. Certain individuals show a tendency to elongation of the head and fins, and also a slenderness of the posterior part of the body, and nearly all the individuals from that region are more lightly and gracefully shaped. They all have a tendency to a yellow coloration, especially upon the caudal lobes. I have not felt justified, however, in calling it a variety.
IT have not had an opportunity to study the Maine schools, but am inclined to believe that their differences are very perceptible.
Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen............----.--..- ; | ate | ee See 20,666 a. Teoealite ; | Wood's Holl, | Wood’s Holl, Wood's Holl, ‘ RE Ste tiie dn rhe Per eae at ene Ia ae Mass. Mass. Mass. Millim.| 109ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. Very fat. Plump. Estromeilon gthiccsee 2-2 Jes beeeeaee casa ee eee O51) i Seater R43 |.-.. 2 ee. TBO ss Stoica Body: 5. | | , Greatest heivht 225. eee eaecos tee teealae cee. Ween SBE aes: 1 Sill essence 34h Least height of tail............ Deiat eek ce: ape liegt ese ON lteeaeaas | ee npeesel |. ee eae ee Length of caudal peduncle... ..222-2- 5.5. sen ce eee OR eo.s Sey. ecsacee- soe Seeslkiees Sees Head: | Greatestilengthis. $5526 onc etter sina cies semen a aerasee be ABD eaters fo SSE | keer 3t Distance from snout to nape .....-.2--..---..--. eae OMe cease 208s saemes 20% Greatest: width: 322 J24505 wos see weecee toe ee tenes etakces 1S "| es elie See os Cee eeeniasee ees Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.-.-.---- | NO) well ais tings | Os eeee es 103 Length of operculum QU ae cseee| Oriana Le ngth of maxillary . UE eee Dae ies Sesere 14 Length of mandible - f | (Sal Seete coos alee Vi Distance from snout to centre of orbit .......-..|..------ 10% |------ =: MUPE SS oseoo- 103 Dorsal : Distance trom snouts. sseeeawccmc sus cmeadee sees 5 ue OE licensors 49 hen gth of base. 22) se aceee cece ceew be mace eee aren 5 : HOW Niceses 174 Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ple cee aeee Sy End of dorsal to end of anal. VOR |Lecrcene 25 Wength of longest 1ay--.0-<ssce.ccaes> ae seenealseeres oe LDR ilo eee | 124 Length Ob Vastiray cee sescte eee. sao eae eee eee eee | Gia ssee ee 63 Anal: | Distance trom snout «---secscnsjew ae ce scnee eeeee pecee ee esi Reece edie amet 72 ene th.OF base’ se: sas kes Shee nce ea eee een eee eee ba eee LAM oon sece Lok Origin of anal to origin of dorsal.........-.-----|-------- BO) Ness ceeel Bo hiliccoceece 36 ength ofilon gest tay2t2s22-bsscce. = sae ee ece nl eee eee Ghose cccke De ites see OF Doncoh of last ray..c- o.oo sae eee ees Nae n ee wae a | Ale |i eee 44 Candal : | Iheurthiof middlenaysicc.. eee seee eee eee Ba ees a oh AD | 9s hte 53 hencth of external rays, superior! o--- 2 sessed ee == DTM ete coat Any ene a 20 Interior’ .22-eee case een eecaees yl I ae oe 23) Missasie oct 23 Pectoral: | | Distance fromysnout o= << cresewewe ates soe e eee eee ee fo. 30h hesgsce Sales see 30 DPistancevoLritip from snout. ese... ose eee eee aeeke soe AGE neeeenee ABs aceees 46 Useyip tht oe Bae Woe wosie ete eee nen pen oer eee 1S i oes cS AGM ales leet 18 Length of longest axillary appendage........-..|-------- st eee tee seme ears eee tee ~-eewnne Ventral: Distance from snout ........-.... naetae conte ee Sees SAW ae deat Do eal bees sees ol GON PUM eas. Nae eel aaa ne 2 eee pac ieree Bh. co seecee aes 9 Origin of ventral to end of dorsal ..............- aeieepince BO Sol vaece ter Sheil nes semiee 33 HODTARUET SY Seth ocehen a ence acaee ca ecade bon Cent eee PPS ca Ae ore DOr sae Seow 50 laseecsiee MIATA VS ee creciee Sees aes | sams as fsine's anipeeieion Hae 21 esemcser 20M easenos 21 Weee<-===
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oD Table of Measurements—Continued. Current number of specimen........-...-.--..--+--- 20,666 b. 18,049 b. 1,696 a. | cos Wood's Holl, Saint John’s | Indian River, | ere are enemas ; Mass. tiver, Florida. | Florida. Millim.) 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. Fat Heairemeton CGMS. lees. - ices se aiioesseasce bec lcci: LS2i esas W408 35225 LOGIN| SSS SS. Body: | Grontes tiie leh tasseecinccece ces asae meee esa) |(tectearete 34) semen Sa Reese 37 | Head : | | (rea tes HEMET ntact a= anole ee ataials aie ralalew ayn aiaate a2 oie [en sini =el- ler S2ee loc see SO eee sere 30 Distance from snout to nape.--..----- pete cteterettie|| | Fatetetaratal= 230s eerettoe OI leerecreteeet 20 Greatest iwid thts soc ceceeicioc=. cose anee eee ae Retefeeteteiall se aaetieell poeta SLL | er srererna| ete rstene are Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|..-.-- a DD |Eerreteciee LO) |esiseratetssa 10 Length ohoperculumipeetmecscs- soe ccee Sate cemaelicices cate 9M |tancsee QF: | sececiese 9 Length OfemmaxMlar yee et emteis cis va aeiemelaiseictceres|ictameretey—'el| Aide y ee re 13% era 134 Hen othvopmandil os sec \-e- asters asisiee a aictelete lero erase | totale eat AT Ae tsetatste ote DG pecrectoc 17 Distance from snout to centre of orbit --.-....-.|...----- TQPa ote ees eee [ioscan yeaa sat Dorsal: | DIStancenromisno mbes ci ceaseless eel cele «isso cielmsi tas Some eeeiscrse Abe R ees 50 GONG THVOMDASO va eine waite = sistas e cists-ce ete aroibia’s aletsi|| tena Slee LON eS er tee TBO Ss soe 7 Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ....... .-..|-------.| Some eet Se enone 36 Hndvoldorsalttorendotanall.,..o422cste: ss asics es |'o seca QE reason 268 ote seer 30 Hen pho mlOn Mest LAVa-ee css -stl-llsieeeisa secs occa) meine 12 Ps Rete LO hornet ae 13 Men puhomlasttaye seen tlre ose tee sel cereine ole slelera =" Gee eeeee Ol Bonecaak 5 Anal: WistancenMromysnout </csacc cic sales <1 aadencseimie| (pee <cii=< Eh leelcrersinke OU se sears 72 Meno EhiOt PASS sacs taee esis ccseieseeiccsaes!|| Seeceed Uh eoooeans G0) Pesterserats 16 Origin of anal to origin of dorsal.........---.--.|-------- SER ee See 36°) leo eneee 38 Henp thio tslon res tira yee cece eine saat sjeeeict| tiewic era's GEilbeeaeee: Bx eeeheese *5-5 i: Wenguhvotlastitayyes-acseeeaeasceeoeemeacre cris tee tere Sitis|heek cee Se ihe x34 ) Caudal: Menpunofmiddleinay sts sttaicces aecine cicisie setae | (sistas | Gur|iSazee-- Gx esee eee *4 1 Length of external rays, superior ......--..----.-|.------- DEN Lee ecae QA oe ose et *22 ANLOTIO Ler cco stetictaiata| aeeie= ers Oa Pacer Qt leila *24 Pectoral: Di stanCenromisnowbe =<s casos ese coe meioe eee | ieee 32m |teeeceee SOM Aas Soe 30 Distance fstipMromsenonb)-a- secs noel se ee clejeie eee eee | 4BNS omit Lie acces weasels Length of longest axillary appendage. .-.......--|.--.---- 1S | eeeeaeise DU Sse yse ce : Ventral: Di StanCerromisSnOubi= ce oeerisisccicaleSecletetlstaieis acl|lalacleisielals SORT tare 5 Oiet |" eaaereaed 50 NOD PUN Pye he seyeeeloe Rieti sia a cisisicisios Ue Sinjo all -Tatetetatere | OF she meee ee eS are eget cet ar Orisiniof ventral toend ofdorsal ....-..-----4-.|-.----- oie |e ae Sot eee et ; 30) PSE Salle Tuy Sree tet oa ee avote = eiclaicietatnte ofa (cieiaiciete eile PUES |SasHce LOPS ees oe [Se | ae oe Parte aoe e nee ac names he ionsckuen cheese Dire lnissace: O00 ee OO umn Current numberof specimen .=2- << 2522-.-...--.--- 5,152. 17,927. 19,046. | Rta 6 : ert Saint John’s | Saint John’s Locality ...-...--22-------22eeee eee oie leeieloeen oie a West Florida. River, Florida. | River, Florida. | Millim., 100ths. Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. Micuremenlen pth ae saa). acetone een aisle einaiectereletelans AOI y | ae cete d7Gheiwenmee ot Q30 | eee. Body: | Greatest here itis) soe ecisawicla ctelciaisiaiclsis has/ersateaiis|o<oere eee SOM |peeee cis | BEE El honeciss 32 Least height of tail .....-.-- tie eee cic sialoeiseinisls [niece weiss |csece mae eee | LOD ee eee 9 Length of caudal peduncle ..-..--.....-- BEA cena |cditnscias| behets Sivas tee 8 Head: Greatestilen ctiltses ss -sececk oc soseccmemccesscic'|s alee eae lem OOUN| hem ea re | SUR Ses Re 33 Distancefromisnout tO Map so4s--c002-e<eees -<-|)-s2~ acme | Pil acideisonse QO acne as 204 Greatestiwidth) sree 2h. ccaececcesisneis Pee A rena 4 koe seeiee J ORS Bae ceees 12 Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.......- NO Ies | eee OWN Ae aN See 104 Length of OpPOLcudlumtscest neces esas cccteee eee cafe mater aoe OUF Paes 234 OF SATS 94 Mon rthkotsmaxillaryecceseacn cee ccor eee res cis 2|htntteaten easerea joa) | ae cane Tidiay |e Soe 144 Length of mandible ..--. Scere eee aw aa letsaiaeas | iN ple letors tices TSA seecees 18 Distance from snout to centre of orbit.........-.].--...-. eee cesar ncersk PIN SES Ie 104 Dorsal: DIncae Ss ROMENNOME aciontnes eisai cecekeneneedazm seeks 48> |b eeecens BQion). csctereiners 524 RON CuO A DAS Ome eee er fate eee acicard anabnicnesekiobibez aceon TS ee Qwest as 17 Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ..........-.|....--.- 3625 |Pscenie. S44: | secocie 34 End of dorsal to end of anal.......-.....0sss0se.|ccceee ee 30) Jecccns~e Q6 se ee 25 Teapet OMON FESR Yar coe ceteosace cetera atone =c|hasesees easeee cise aaeme+ [ies oe Be 12 Han oh Mowmlashmwysaciaction eciseicte ne viet utes cislslosmecioaiitnossaeuleee eect SOT, CORE PeB see
36 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Table of Measwrements—Continued.
Current number of specimen ....-....-------------- 95,152. 17,927. 19,046,
Saint John’s Saint John’s
Bee yee - -igeciah ee tice = serine -h Beane d West itor os. River, Florida. | River, Florida.
| | | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.) 100ths. Millim.! 100ths. |
a *
Anal: : | Distance from snout .<... = ee. wn ea meee ee ee = =a omens] = =e eel (Te) Nee ae ae 12 Length of base. .......----------- 0-22 -- = nee fee enn == [eee n ees] eee eee-- | WS oseoeS5- 16 Origin of anal to origin of dorsal’. ....---.-------|--------|-.------)--- 2-2 | 88. saa 324 Gene uN OL One Ost a ies lame te eee tetere aerate tele | eee frets | ee | Goya kes 6 Gength of last'ray .--- <2... -cnc---cememn ns eee See eeaee| eae ls cmore ees Bi Wc ae amas 64
Caudal: | | Wen pt hor mia de ways ere ea aeteleenete ster eter eile ete terete | erate seta Ete | Boalt eta 5k Length of external rays, superior ------.-----=--|--..-.-.|---. -..|.--.---- | 21 palicar. 2cee | 20
INGO ORs sie occa cee eee eeeeee tamerei-nt aim stale ier Poe Aa aes ee | 24 Pectoral: Distancedrom (snout eae seem ae ee ae eee ee eats | eerste alate lf ewemisic ce 31d) ae-ee ee 32 Distance of tipstrom SNOUb ce esse es ecco ence mes |e ania ions enna AD rahi eae Ae 50 LEG Ya) ppeencenena coe aScnbcne soar copcaanoaSsbesH sessed |7oc2acesSoeane se 19) enOseees 18 Length of longest axillary appendage .....-..-..|..-..---|......--|..-.--.-| 1%) ec 5-2 heeeiecee
Ventral: | Distance trom snout -s.>-cieec eet oee eae cle ae leeeeacme eee eee tes | 49) abe G22 48 Hen Poh sess pees nh ha Share wre stele ereestaioe steps apis cll Se ano | (a eee Breit ee Oy) neers 9 Origin of ventralstoiend Ot dorsales-cs =m ae eeeee)| hse eres eee | 333 aecetees 30
WM OUSaL ATA VS ee a esee aeane melee see jaeaeSesseastemys 20 esl Sees 21 Giceaaetse 1Bovdoilee soe
PASH AUN VIS Reise Goes sete ieee ete ele nee eee a eter =r ee eee eee 21 | sas ses 21 | pes aes
Current number of specimen..---..............----- 19,044. 18,049 a. 19,468. ares ¢| Saint John’s Saint Jobn’s eee
Locality -.----.-------++s2e2-2e serene rece reser eee | River, Fla. River, Fla. Virginia.
7 ae > =o | ae =a = a |
ania 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | |
eee te | | | ;
BES trem Oven Cll) ees - masse e ae e aeee eae eee eel 1D 2a eee 1A a element i) | Oa alee eS en {
Body: | ‘ ; Grestestiheiehteseessaee. = see ene nae eee eee Wee ACE | Saal eeceece 30 eee sae leds \ NGG AS be 1G tiie tag tea emer toecet tate = misters orale [is cwidia'e oll cae aetna oeiemie eral eee | oe ce 9 \ Length of caudal peduncle........-..--..-...--. | ese relat store creel] icretercienara lees amos | iecnstare | 9 ;
Head : i Greatestlengt heen ssi -elettemee a elec eraser eter 0 We | etererinee 29 Nes cee | 32? ‘ Distance from snout to nape ....-----------.---- | dria | OER Sait 19 aoe) | 20% ] Greaves biwidthere ec. seen seece sean eer eaeee lWeicreserereeae Wa eet tare Hy) |esceisaess| 12 Width: ofinteronbitaliarea: <4. 4s-eecss ce eeeceive| (eee [fests cee leet tel emilee oem 7 Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.-|...----. | OF Secosssc NO | esses 10 : Length of operculum .-..-.-..-.....--.----.-..--- (peeeeert IOS Wesaccose QI (Bere seretar 9 : Men tthe kemaxilaryiee. ac cis eee cee as eae eee eee LS Wesesee ee 1S) NW seccee 14 ; enethiofmandible a rsesee <2 cos oenk Scemeae eee neces oess 16sieae ee GP geeneoes lene CRS i Distance from snout to centre of orbit .....-..-. Sea Sel iN ah ieee HL Meee 1 i
Dorsal: | ] Distancentrom snout, - <2 seeee eee eseener ane se eee eee AQ) i fens AQ soars 51
enrth of haseicestasensscs cess iss - ale Pieces | efataeemrats NF ieee ec ee eters | 134 Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal.......-.--.|.------- | She ee ene 35) Saar eee 34 Indiof dorsal to end. of anal eje-osecesseeeeoeeeeleoee = see Dict Paster. O9n <2 tees 23 ength,of longest’ ray: «2s ae0-po<<ee sac be s-- es) see c oe DO elle eeer cc 1244} Saosee | 1 HGCT A OnLOL aster aye nates) sae ia ieee eee et te ae | GO Sea icai | pe Sas 555 | oF Anal: | | Wistance trom (snouh foac-ses-— erie ee te nleaee |Ce eee ee plan eee ais Zit Wel ese Ae ] ie Meneth Of basel.s.o5 os seek Sotece ae eoeeeaeee a ae TT Al Sc cepe mes Uda lac- ts aee | 144 Origin of anal to origin of dorsall.............-.-|=.-.----| SF tee eros cnisis ST" ||. oeeeeen 33 mensthioflopcest Tay -.2-5-.-2- eee easciese = ee eee Gio eemistnis Mseee See ot Ween euhvor lashwalyy «oss <n oe oes ceeieiiacmine ane e eae | 5) ll. eeeace Ay Denes ai 6 Caudal : | | | q ene thiof middle Tays- = --.--6-<tee=)- 22 ien coe ae eaere Gul s = <saeee Sip sae seats 4 Length of external rays, superior .........--.--- lego eieeiwe teeta eee retos 2oeleee ese fete aca INTOLIONs.- a seeeee eee eee eee | al esas Pete ism atalo zd ; Pectoral: | | ; DStancen ro msNOwtie~ << =~ )-hem ee coe eee ee eeee eee BO helissessees 30) Giese seer | 32 : Distance.or Gp irom snout ..<6 «<----.22-2 eee alse } ASpaltacsisas AOE eee ee 49 i GGT ee eae coe ae eo ee ate ieee eee 5 eed | is ' Length of longest axillary appendage.....-..--. 12 Ventral: IDIStANCELLOMISHOM sec wioe pein iicelse clon aiaie sacar STG OTR ee ee eaten reas ein iel vielen islamelo nj c/aian(siela re ae Origin of ventral to end of dorsal.....--.--..--. INOTSaLITa VAeee seen eee an ee eaeioee ence sineeee PATIAUTA VSS. oe eteeeeeneeeeniasin=sinisaclsc eta eee
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 37
Table of Measurements—Continued.
Current numberof specimen.<-. 2. ..sss00ccss-5-0-- 14,846 a. | 14,846 b. Var. aurea. ; = a M.C. Z. OGM GY ofan al=. cae aia faynicie Sa gaia taciasiccs acing ewe ssjq Sar ; Noank, Conn Noank, Conn. Ridsvanpiro- Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. Millim. | 100ths. | xtreme length. ..-...--...--.- ste cite Se seer eee A ia ee ese eel OG i apres crete 2369 | |aaeeeoe Body: | CVEAtES NOON baa) o's raicideins wise sansa iaiviesle sinielgeje oi ae aes === Ba ears nase Sake ease ee 35 Head: | Greatestilen ote oo ae. ocey- epee aese eo eae |e Seel<r PM nae 2B i. eee mania te Qik Distance from snout to MAPS siiaeecewcpeie ceo Sak tke QO N skgd. Se eae ee lita ae 21 Length of snout from perp. from centre of UBS ee soo 10). | eesads OE Sse 10 Length of OPSLrCMlUM Secwsece teases Pease oesale oe eer OF | Sess abscaee melo secs otenese ees eng thors axt lary secs semen ass ees a a1 cosicic one 13s eee 12 ee oe ae | 12 enctMoer mandibles sJo5 sess Sos 5 ac oe cde ese os [tet ese - 1a Site | LA ose 15 Distance from snout to centre of orbit .....-..-.|-------- LO} plieseacros (cel Socletecisial Aes acess moire Dorsal: Mistance fromysnowtpecmc eee saeece ise esse oa |asese fe BOT oe = eee BCG) oe vee ol Tins IN SEG oedae a Sn eceno seo cerieeeuaccsened pooneaee AQP Cee ncee QO FT Pam etere ces atcers Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal.........--.|.------- 35 |-------- B34 |i cio cbiee nace se End of dorsal to end of anal ...........--.-c---.|.--+---- Qo lbosoeeee Q5: jtsceecee| eoeetene ea OfMON Ges LTAY tao weir se ese ens Santee LO jae. Su lezcee 10 Menthol last Tayincnecee les ancees cn esseceseaes| posse se BRileeecme ae Oop 2eeeeceet 4 Anal: Miigumleetronr snout - 6-2 2c- 8 = sce on sto acdneec cokes GE areas 12a |5 os matre| ae Bon cnhio fe Dasejeaane <a eee 2a ese a eseeetos VD) Wasa 1G See eee a ae Origin’ot anal to origin of dorsal..--........---.|----=--- SOR NSeciseece Oly Meeeeoeree |e saps Mencthiotloncest Tay: —.5-3--2% te sesseci- aoe cones | eeaaee: Ae eee Dr teases 5 MMe ASE Ray oe oc he cee Seen ace [noe An | ieee th Ades eet | 4 Caudal: | Meng thiormid dleray si. sae) mee wcteteneine ose asee|eesa< ses 43 |.. Bailes aaa 5 Length of external rays, superior............-..|-------. LG eek. 2s LOSS sees S| 23 Int VIOL Me eastern ace eees AB. Seo ses dle C0 ke ea cueees ls jemeinge Pectoral: Islan ce LrOMMsnOutiewses.% Soe era oak cet neweeae: Oia eee = 28 Pe oaaeee | 28 Distancelaf tipdromysnout: 225 =.../222526-- 25-2222 2: Ah? eso s575) 430 bel 2254 | 42 NG OUE thier oes eels a cicette com eycaeulce pecan saccinns TD, E eee 15) Peso eee 15 Ventral: MIShANCe; frOMISNOUL a= = Foe sion > coeeeeceecasal-- sens. 5D eee ere 50} ema cos 49 GON PEL Sac ee te sare eee oe SS oes Meee ee daisinc eee eee Te ee rie |Poee ae 8 Origin of ventral to end of dorsal)..................-|----=--- Ba she saptcee 366 lecncen=s| bareseee PIOMSAMEA YN eae ees = Son eS Se ee cce dacelewes cl. 20) Rosse D0) || Sseaec.e8 TEL ose scene PAM AUT DY Shee eres Ae ee ce acta a stirs attte See oie Salciac eer? 19) Wasiseses| 20) || eee ORE EOS sites ae 6 - Var. aurea. Var. aurea. @urrent number ofispecimen :...-)- <cc.ces-=-eee55-| ' AGane M. C. Z. a. M.C. Z. 6. age of OCA DY ar a ecep ae) ae Sera one ise as rel iaiasi2 Sree mse Sambaia, Thayer Sambaia, Thayer | aurea. Exp. Exp. Millim. | 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths. | 100ths. Heetnomplon Che se sees nsas seein cose asascceeccoee = 164 | bs saeesse 54: [bose eee Esessae ys iGreauesiieHe Mier mmo se cis sn meas cisietsite = «\csn-|nc a seen ee | 34 (5. sas5 RE 34 35 Head 5 | Eerenbestslen pth nici iteelcele em eiciniciol= atta aicinln tea wietsiaiaraos | 28). eens 29 28 Distance from snout to nape .........--..-------|----eeeee- 19 Teer: 22 21 Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.......--. | Or meet eree 10 93 enothioi maxillary esos cnsass acc sclodas-sees|oocceecnee 136 | Eee: 14 13 enc throtmandl plone cee shecc cones eene: [acu nteelne foe oeeee 1705] 153 Dorsal; | i SPAN CoNOMISNOU Gs — eel ncie cs cisceice cette cere scin lmcioera eye | AQIS teil eee 48 493 FEN OTOMLONG OSbUayiacoa scotch claoels cine Se cies. 82 -|cocsen acne TD 0S eee ae 10 102 Meno TNO MlAniayeeracten cen mesane rene eateries | aonean/ sacs! Sm eee 4 ees 5 5 Anal: IDI StANCe MEO MTSN ONG ee aren essen siseen ease os soe ccisaaseae | apliite ee eee 73 732 Menus inotlongesp ray. saem asec salsices betlaeise 2 >= =| occeeenwen Gan hoes Lae 5 54 Menmthinglantirsyy <cieec cl gee ot BRL Lae ity (288 2 BSL 3 33 Caudal : | Benothyofimiddle rays Sic -c--c0se scot cosu science sl scebseseue | Gui|zatastoses 5 5z Length ofexternal rays aupeniorssce ac ease occ csc|ecenwecese | OF eas eee 23 232 Pectoral: MISiANCEtNOMISNOUL moans cesasiasic ove oe eeica cess] soceeaener ON ccicwiceee's 30 29 Distance of tip from snout ........- JeEeet ee oct Solace AAS ess. See 47 44h MCU DMS eee in epee sens saeeis coe cease nse te ae locemessea| UGS | Seoe aces 16 log Ventral: Wistaneemmomien OWb ye ona smr- cae cmec a besnicemeland|Eaeeeasces BBall bsccieco=e 52 Slt Teen ete nee eee oa ices em tector eee ceciceeaaicwe tel beemeoeee (ah Denese ce a B WIOUSAL TAYE Meee eee ores cose tandecucdesnccsecces Pe eeleceecce ee TAT | tsesca te eee Anal rays..... aN se set etst tenet bmns ie aakineeton Og bees ene O90) It 5a oS en ee ae
38 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Brevoortia pectinata, (Jenyns) Gill.
Diagnosis.—Proportions of head and jaws as in B. tyrannus. Height of body almost three-eighths of total length, and greater proportionally than in B. tyrannus. Fins nearly as in B. tyrannus, but uniformly aver- aging slightly more; the height of the dorsal somewhat less than three- twentieths of total length; that of the anal equal to or slightly less than half the length of the maxillary. The caudal fin is somewhat longer aud more furcate, the length of the external rays never being less than five-sixths of the length of the head, while that of the medial rays remains proportionally the same as in the species first described. Inser- . tion of ventral somewhat behind tip of pectoral, this fin and the dorsal being uniformly somewhat farther back than in B. tyrannus ; the inser- tion of the latter from one to four one-hundredths posterior to a point equidistant from the snout and the base of the median caudal rays, and, as in B. tyrannus, behind the vertical trom the insertion of the ventrals.
Seales very large, considerably serrated, and arranged regularly in 18 to 20 transverse and 50 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath at base of pectoral not large. Operculum smooth, or with inconspicuous and few striations. Squamation upon lobes of caudal extensive and conspicuous.
Variations.—The variations in the individual specimens studied are not of great importance, and are indicated in the table of measure-
ments. Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen. -.-..------.-.-- 1709. M.C. Z. a. M. ©. Z.b. Aver- MFOCRIby esate eeiioe sore esicce nate aerae ee Paraguay. Rio Grande. Rio Grande. age. : nt g. in Millim.)| 100ths. Millim.| 100ths. | Millim. 100ths. | 100ths. | | | Hxtromeilencthrse eee ee ee eee eee 250 eae O24 eo skews SO eke ee Loose Body : Greatestheight.2scsco.¢ set ececesssen| seat 36: Wleeeeeeee {Pre SGRe eee cepa 36 | 36 Head: Greatestilength =<. seep sce senses a5 | heal eee eee 30) taties 30 | 3h Distance from snout to nape...--.-----.|-------. | Qo sceeee BU seme at | 21 enoth of maxa Wanye ces cel eee ence = satan ote =e ar MAE noes AS! oes 14 | 14 ane Hhor man tb 16! ee setae ie ae eae aa AS alee eeeees Gi wi|seeee ett 16% | T Dorsal: Distance from! snout... se. ces sos eae oy |e BAe Ree oseee Soe alesecser aye 522 hengthiof loncestiray, -- sss] = =e | eee TP ost HS? || attereres 12) 12 WenenhoOt last) LA Yia. pene eee sen ae Gielaaeeeeee Gg) |poceatete 6 | 6 Anal: Distance from snout...--- SOE ards Sa Pea laqaaeaels O30) ee letseiatns iO). psaeenss 712 71 Kenethiet longest Tay: «2 -<cccas-osseeen {erect = Mike aoe te ce GE ase 5 6 Menthol 1 Assay. =o. 2)oe maae w cicteeeeie= oa | meeramoe Gaisch ane 8: 4 lla A 4 4% Caudal : | rene thigh MLad eave: eas. seeeea-- sees eee GE leosesciaa 6 a)\seeeeee 6 6 Length of external rays, superior ..---.|-------- QAR ae <3 25 Nese 25 25 ROTI OR eee | eee ee POMS eoacee Cis oeeeee 23) 27 Pectoral: | | Mistancewyrom\Ssmout..s_.-se oes assaal ew eeioes ROR esc erear lemme £20 alede cee 30 | 305 Distance of tip from snout -.--.-..---..|.------- Sie seeeeeee ee |e eeee rer | 43 See reteset ae meee nieratetel nial) ete terete AS diate eH 1G Re acer 18 | 17% Ventral: | Mistancedromisnonb-=-.<-scee <6 ae ogee anaes SA sees AB SEI 49 | 494 VOTH Oct ier ee seein Ae omic olaleteiaial| amined UPS | beeSecee Sie ewes 83 8} Dornsalerayaeeeseee esse ea- eee eee oan Tak, | Ses oe Wee ihee soeecet| TLS ii] Se. fce arene CRORE TUS Wee et eral sin ote mere =i TD, 42 iceeeeres | Oe teeters | I. 20 }-.------}-------- Number of seales in lateral line...----...... abt. S0gbeeceees vt ee ee 49 | ons See Namher ob tiaiscerseimanrs sees.) es 30 abt. 20jE-s ee | Oli eer ecun 20 eceneee Besaciooe
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. og
Brevoortia patronus, sp. nov., Goode.
Diagnosis.—Head larger than in the other American forms, its length usually more than one-third that of the body, the maxillary about three- twentieths of the length of the body. Height of body always more than three-eighths of its total length, its anterior inferior profile cultrate, con- vex, giving an obtusely rounded profile to the subpectoral outline, and throwing the snout above the median horizontal axis of the body. Fins long and powerful; the height of the dorsal usually equal to the length of the maxillary, and about three-tenths of total length of body; that of the anal equal to or greater than half the length of the maxillary ; that of the ventral one-tenth of body-length ; length of middle caudal rays always more than one-fifth and often more than one-fourth the length of the head, that of the exterior rays almost equal in length to the head and rarely less than five-sixths of its length. Insertion of the ventral under or slightly posterior to the tip of the pectoral. Insertion of dorsal always posterior to a point on the dorsal outline, equidistant from the snout and the base of the medial caudal rays (sometimes as much as seven one-hundredths of total length), and always in advance of the vertical from the insertion of the ventrals.
Scales of medium size, with entire, fluted margins, arranged regularly (in young) in 24 to 25 transvere and 50 to 70 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath at base of pectoral very large, round. Squamation of caudal lobes inconspicuous. Axillary appendages large. Operculum smooth or very delicately striated. Scapular blotch inconspicuous.
The variations of individuals are sufficiently indicated in the subjoined table of measurements. The most characteristic specimens occur at Brazos Santiago, Tex., and the more northern specimens show a tendency to shortening up of the head, jaws, and fins.
Description.*—The body is much compressed, especially below and in advance of the pectorals ; the contour of the belly between the ventrals and the gill-opening is cultrate, projecting, obtusely rounded. The height of the body equals two-fifths of its length, and the least height of the body at the tail is one-fourth of its greatest height in front of the pectorals. The length of the caudal peduncle, from the end of the anal to the base of the exterior lobes of the caudal, is one-fifth of the height of the body, and one-twelfth (0.08) of its length.
The head is elongated and large, triangular; its length is more than one-third (0.35 and 0.34) that of the body, and its height at the nape is slightly more than its length. The length of the skull, as indicated by the distance from snout to nape, isabout one-fourth (0.24 and 0.243) of the length of the body, and the greatest width of the head (0.13) slightly ex- ceeds the halfofthis. The width of the interorbital is about equal to the diameter of the orbit, and slightly more than one-fourth the length of the head. The maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin
*To avoid confusion, this is drawn up from the Brazos Santiago specimens, which are most characteristically developed.
4() PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of the pupil; the mandible nearly to the vertical from the posterior mar- gin of the orbit. The length of the maxillary is about equal to that ot the longest ray of the dorsal fin (0.15 to 0.16), that of the mandible (0.19) half the distance from the origin of the anal to the origin of the dorsal (0.58) or to the length of the base of the anal (0.18). The distance from the tip of the snout to the centre of the orbit (0.15 to 0.13?) equals the greatest width of the head. The length of the operculum is equal to that of the eye: the opercular striations are fine, but distinct and numerous. The dorsal fin is inserted posteriorly to a point equidistant from the snout and the base of the caudal and in advance of the verti- cal from the insertion of the ventrals. Its length of base (0.20 to 0.213) is double that of the operculum. Its greatest height is nearly half the Jength of the head. It is composed of 19 rays, of which the third is the longest. Its upper edge is slightly emarginated. The height of the last ray (0.10) is equal to half the length of the base.
The distance of the anal from the snout is slightly less than three- fourths of the length of the body (0.70-0.72), its length of base (0.18- 0.185) one-fourth of this distance. The distance from the origin of the pectoral to the origin of the dorsal (0.37-0.574) is about equal to that from the origin of the anal to that of the dorsal (0.38). Its height (.09-.093) is about half its length of base, its ieast height (at last ray) one- third of the same (.06-.053). The fin is composed of 22 rays, its edges slightly emarginated.
The caudal fin is much forked and elongate, the middle caudal rays (0.08) half the length of the maxillary, the exterior rays above (0.31-0.32) twice that length, the lower exterior rays (0.55-0,34) nearly equal to twice the length of the mandible.
The pectoral fin is strong, falcate, inserted ander the angle of the suboperenlum, at a distance from the snout (0.30-0.34) about midway to the insertion of the anal. Its tip extends beyond the insertion of the ventrals, its length (0.22) being nearly two-thirds that of the head. The axillary appendages are half as long as the fin, or more.
The distance of the ventral from the snout (0.54-0.55) is about the same as that of the dorsal, though by the contour of the body it is thrown slightly behind the point of dorsal origin. Its length (0.10) is equal to that of the last ray of the dorsal.
The scales are quite regularly arranged in about 24 to 25 horizontal and 50 vertical rows. Their free portion is narrow and high. They are entire at the edges, and fluted or crenulated. There are two rows of differentiated scales upon each side of the dorsal line, but they are scarcely pectinated. The scales forming the sheath at the base of the pectoral are large and round.
Color.—Silvery, with a brassy sheen upon the sides and greenish gray upon the back.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4]
Table of Measurements.
Current number of specimen. ...--. 892 a. 892 b. | 89L a. 891 b. | : ¢ Brazos Santiago | Brazos Santiago,) Mouth of Rio Mouth of Rio Locality ----.--.--2+-+--+2++2+-- 2 Texas. ‘Texas. | Grande. Grande. | | Millim. 100ths. | Millim. 100ths. | Millim | 100ths.| Millim.; 100ths. ixtreme leneth >... 2... 22 .<-- ---02- Ih? pa Gi aie. S828 oe 1Q4) Wee renoe DGyleenen ss | GOR aeer Body: | Gr GalesbWOlSNbs Sel. soci = scipieon lees aes oe AOR Ae ccansce 402) linea neue. Bere | Gee ese 414 Least height of tail..........-..- |B sey Vi Meese. 10% | Saeee 2 TPA ee ee 11 Length of caudal peduncle. ...... eeeenc Be Re ace So lara Nees cee eee 28 ik Head : | | Gxeatestilength .....-.-.--.---<-- ee sees Sh dleeena ee 34 Sere SBT We. 33 | Distance from snout to nape -.--. Wns caer 2h El he ese bem pH wllicaas OB Pee 23 erOateSGaWalbh) as <3 seers wimpclel| (esas = oe eS ee isto 1S alee sts3 Ti ean sse il Length of snout from perp. from | | contrexotporbitiee-es-- enim) ae 12 Gas aae=: LS ec LIS eS 11 | enothion operculum. 2+ -case--|-------- HOPE seosa: LO eases TP? | Rn es ae 12 | Length of maxillary ............. eee seers GE je conass VSP eestas 16h ee 143 Length of Mandtbleressse el ceke satel OMe Seca SR Reece. TOR esas 18 Distance from snout to centre of | | OEDibreasemecdectesars a sloncieesicae area iee IBZ | Soraeacs | LS e ewer tots | 12 ee ae 13 Dorsal: | | | Wistance from) snout -<-----....<.:|:-=-..-. Oo0 eeectee 5S balks yeas SIS 52 ene thiof, Ase! sae. sce cme cinco. (=e QF Weeacees QOPI eae LN ee 19 Origin of pectoral to origin of | | aril ea toe oe ee KG tales Soa, SiN eee ere | Olay emai Sie acest 39 End of dorsal to end of anal......|.-...--. Ml ence. DOME ceuase: OGM ere ee 28 Weneth of longestray.-.--<.--.--|--2+<--- ta eee soe 16) A eae. ie ES eae 17 Length of last ray Bote ae erate ibaa LGD a oerse Qe Neessesel DR he eerste 9 Anal: | Distance from snout ..-.....----- jr aaeeeet 1) | \eaeenc i | Olea eee 10 \ Bacobece 69 wen cthiat ase sso... 2 sasesose ies eeee= | Gea sees UBT | hase 1G Sees Ie 20 Origin of anal to origin of dorsal | -------. SBM Al leatae ce ot S84 tosses BOL Weseme ae 39 Length of longest ray......-..--- eeeeeeee OG) Wy Senodse GE | ado.22.. Tah eee ee 2s Length of last AV amee ctercrate erat tellsisisierste me rae cee oe lCoeeeee Siete ae 4h Caudal : Length of middle rays ...--......||..-. --. Brolt saee S| sce 38 | Bel esziecs 7 Length of external rays, superior.|..--..-.|-..----- Se ssoaee |e Sotce aoeoceee | 26) Nos sas ee 254- THOS TOO Gna e oo) rosacea | Sait petra | 250 dterceeet 274 Pectoral : | | Distance tromysnout -2s-e2- 2-255 |2 5-4 ee 30) a |eeneee | Samat cece B8e NW cceemeee 32 Distance of tip from snout-...--..|-------- 55 saan 54 Be: SB ee sos 52 en ete eae eee SEE fe eee nL ees 22 Ete sion | AGH eae eons 20 Length of longest axillary ap- | pendage Be ee eee cece eres oc reetee 11 shoserees | AS sl nccee tas Neeee hes ty ckes Aer he Oe eee Ventral: Distance from snout ...---.....-. Perctoferatay= 53) 9 |Pacesees Doe econ ne One ll aeerereleae ol Wenetihiees. sos 5 soc oc ciseciie eeene= Poseeeee., 10) ‘a5 28655 10 | ee 10 |...-.-- 94 Origin of ventral to end of dorsal |..-..--. le S0) pacer Soma leececne: | 330 hee eeee 35 WorsaliTaAyS ss tec seas neeceeneee AQF | ea chain LOR eeiee ar 1S} eronSe | L83| eases PAM AGT AVS 52) seis so ce Seen nce sess | Dae ctnars Qi ee ee ees QI ae eae 22 wats Number of scales in lateral line.....47 to 50 |......-. 47 toi50) | Secor abt. 65) \|Ra2e=s= 4) abi Oba) eeeeee
42 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Table of Measurements—Continued. Current number of specimen. ....-- 891 c. 5,864 a. | 5,864 b. 5864 c. | MOcality ec sseccace secret possess Month of Rio | Grande. | | | Millim.| 100ths. Millim.) 100ths. ee 100ths ay 100ths Mxtromeveneth..; «=. 1 <aeenecrners Body: iGneabestiheishtepsees sees eases Head: GreatestiJen pth) 225 seeac- eee eealeecceeee | Distance from snout to nape 213 Length of snout from perp. from | | centre'ol Orbithess<ce os-scs acon leeeeisoee | Ta ee es 1D lke Saat VU ee eg | 11 Mens thor operculum sees necace= pees TO eiercserctate LORE pe accee | LO. }els obese’ 10 Length of maxillary ...........- See Tae eee | V4 Beas a USa Mee 144 Length ot mandible 232-- =. .----]e- ee | De eee es Tingle bess LG ya ts ae 174 Distance from snout to centre of ODD Ibs a2 52 = cists a waeiseee alle aaseis | 1 Die eae (es ae Cl eater |S: ieee |e te | ee eicres e Dorsal : Distance scoMm snout =.= -e\s3s--i|/s2== 55" DT lkeees tor SOB ea Ss See (seo ee 52 Teen etihvo fea k@iee secre ce clea ees | Te Goce cers Gina eee heh tl oasis 19 Origin of pectoral to origin of | ose eset ae eee Os | aes Sete 1 San eesse es 36 eeec Se S35 yaleeaosee 36 End of dorsal to end of anal......|..-..--. Sia te oe SS les Session ero eens 25 Length of longest ray.........-..|.--.--- DAD a ereee ee ae 129} wen ee i4 enothiof last ray s-cs<---=0--2|aeoacees Ta ees Biel eceemer | 5B listers | 7 Anal: | | Distance tromisnoutic.s sans csea|aeeeiee| 69t | toemeees G2 eileeceeere | Or aie | 704 henothvoi basen... to~ ssacnsce Memes oes AQ) Wee ache LOG Piceie en | levis [PSR e cee 19 Origin of anal to origin of dorsal |-.---.---- | SU csactenaet Ota eana eo | BG > ||) Seamenee 37 Length of longest ray...--..----.|=-----:- aes ULE eeceee 64) ae a Heng thrormlash ray. nee seems eel stereo 5) wena impf. 5 eee A Nees ee 6 Caudal : | Length of middle rays ..--...-.-- |---..<-. OIE eae ee ol eteie cree Gelseteet 93 Length of externalrays, superior |.....--. QT Recon QT | seiciseinci cic Seed | SEES ane See aes AUPeW OLE seme ee Qi saeco see ee SOY Ncsoeeeee 25.7 laces see pees Pectoral: | Distance trom): snout) <—o<=52 =| sce eiee SON Resse SBP |ooneco ce 30). Wesseee 32 Distance of tip from snout. .--. voce Afhs || Seek o ee AB ape sdiese AT Bic eases 50 Men titgasa= tans stone ae ete ce ele ee ee Ate eve once Ley ssc 17 sae etl 19 Ventral: | | Wistancetrom snout, «ce. --—e-s eee DQ) seers = 53) sil eee | Bah Wise Soest 32 Men ebay ae <i ceeeee tect. see ce el ceanes ee | Serie TOY sil eae ee ON soe 8 Eat iy srr Origin of ventral to end of dorsal.|-....-.. 36 ai saenees 32 lanes eee bin, (Berit eee ee Horsalways ss sce ee case see ects AST ilaasee ee AO | sche 18 Ve eer 19) |e --=2-- AMA Pay Son aisha. bes mciyeys pe etsisieinieies D1 a aoe oer D2 ta eesee ees Ole lane a. ann ones Number of seales in lateral line - Gam Ord Reesaae abt 70 [200.02 abt. 55 | basen ab t[o0))|7-see=n more. | DESCRIPTION OF CAULOLATILUS MICROPS, A NEW SPECIES OF FISH FROM THE GULE COAST OF FLORIDA.
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN.
The Smithsonian Institution has received from Mr. Silas Stearns, of the Pensacola Ice Company, Pensacola, Fla., a fish new to the fauna of the United States, and believed to be new to science. This fish was taken March 18, 1878, on the Snapper Bank, off Pensacola, in 30 fathoms of water. It was packed in ice, and arrived in good condition, March 22, at the National Museum, where it was cast in plaster, and sketched by Mr. Shindler. It is now a fine alcoholic specimen, No. 20,971 of the Fish Catalogue.
Caulolatilus microps is related to the Brazilian form Cauwlolatilus chrysops (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Gill, and the Cuban form Caulolatilus cyaneps eae described in 1867.* Of the former, two specimens ouly
312.
tepertorio Fisic o-Natural de Ja Isla de Cuba, i, p.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43
are recorded: one, the type of the original description, one foot long, collected on the coast of Brazil by M. Gay, and probably now in the Museum in Paris; a second in the British Museum, a stuffed specimen, purporting to have been collected in the West Indies. Of Poey’s C. cyanops the National Museum possesses a fine specimen (Cat. No, 4750), 15 inches long, collected and presented by Professor Poey.
The Pensacola specimen, now under consideration, is two feet and three inches long, weighing nine pounds and one-quarter. Its color has faded, but a yellow blotch is still visible under the eye, similar to that mentioned in C. chrysops. A dark blotch is visible in and above the axilla of the pectoral.
The following diagnosis is believed to characterize the peculiarities of the new form. It is accompanied by a table showing the detailed measurements of C. cyanops and C. microps, and another showing the relations of C. chrysops as far as they can be gleaned from the published descriptions.
Caulclatilus microps, sp. nov., Goode and Bean.
Diagnosis.— Height of body contained slightly more than three and one-half times in its length, its width seven times, the species being higher and more robust than C. chrysops and C. cyanops. Length of head equal to height of body, being in same proportion to total length as in C. cyanops (though less in proportion to height of body), and longer pro- pertionally than in C. chrysops. Width of interorbital area equal to half the length of snout, instead of four-fifths, asin C. cyanops. Length of snout greater than that of maxillary. Diameter of eye contained six times in length of head, instead of four times, as in C. chrysops, and three and three-fourths times, as in CU. cyanops. Nostrils midway from eye te snout, and separated by a distance equal to diameter of eye. Dentitiou much as in C. cyanops. Fins all shorter than in C. cyanops, the anal and soft dorsal two-thirds as high. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Pectoral not extending to first ray of anal, as in the other species, less than one-fourth of total length. Scales in lateral line 120, in transverse line 48, being smaller and more numerous than in C. cyanops.
Radial Formula.—D. VII, 25; A.1, 23; C.17; P.1,16; V.I, 5, instead Oey AST 226 C.19 > P. 1,15 v.15, as in C, cyandps,, or, WD. aa Weer Colin eh tt: V. 1,5, as im C. clirysops.
44
Table of Measurements.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Current number of specimen. .......-...+-..-e0--e2---- ; Pqubolatiins gree Oaulolatilus cyanops, ? . ’ ORL ye eee = ie eee fame trae aha nictne etait eistnte e eiein arate eens Pensacola, Fla. Cuba. Millim. 100ths. | Millim. 100ths. Fresh specimen. Alcoholic specimen. PERG OING LON OG Mine = -atetere ote helo acm acioniwlorentctdis Sietetettenders epetate 620" oe oe sesh 330) Pe5 . eS ateeeeee Length to end of middle caudal rays ..--..--.-.---------- 690!) a2 Sees S02) | eal atetale eee Body: (SmGr sg INS Tel soenaSnssocoas soo ccsb cae sso cece ssesss|lseaessdacose 28 Moe sse sees 24} GEG aOS tr vy Cl I latte tore le ate fe reared este etteeteretaie een eine rear oteie eats T4E We acces clot 12 ets hire bhveniunal Sac eestse es eeise esas eee ee ee eee eee eeat Be eee eee 244 east heichtrof tail 22 ecto sas ete see eae eee Be ee eee 7 Hengthvof candalipeduntle:-sesssese ae Soe eaeeien eal ce seine Seer WE eee sesccee 11 Head: Greatest léneth 2-926 far, capeeie te = ante nae ome eeeealteetioseem sae OO ui tese eee 28 MistancetroMmisSnO wt COMApe a sc- = os sae ee eae re eat ee neereela oon alaieyata ail relate nes 15 Greatestiwidthe ios teseee sf o te - eee sne see ere Bee Cease aie 1A lakes 433 Width of interorbital area - 222-22. -s--\---.25--2---- 1. ee aeseeeen en Wenethiot snows :sa4-6 = -- ane cee yest See es eae UT aeenceee sc 10 enviumonimaxilary oacce secs sseecee ecm eee ese TQhe See sacee 105 Length of mandible.........-. een ES ias a eee 123 Distance from snout to centre of orbit - Dab li steccse ss 1 MiAMolenMororDiusos nes oma cce eas celeciea tee see seeeceet Me serait a Dorsal (spinous) : ISLAN COMROMUAMOM Ole am se ijoa-aasisnetiameae eae heel sen eee ee JAG aeons ree 32h Men ethiot baseor es Gast iene acetae ac otic sen oeecene lseeeeeete = ate AQbe eve OSE 13 Greatest herent os footie oAaascee co cuit crining se ceers se |eiseacmeiae (ewactee aes 8 Men eEh OLArStes pine = 22-22 Cee besos sac Sine cee Danson stalls aaoaeacoee Be Sewanee 5 Ben cthior SeconnsSpiNe 5-1: os - enwt eee eee eee eee | aaeee emacs Deloanece dee. 6 menethioflastiepine/S 3s 2s-0 sae bei o-e ek eee tere soon meee VEN oakee seer 94 Dorsal (soft) : Length of base. .-..-.-.--- Se ne Fate ata en ofa een ete ote ee iatet atone cae MAR Vo eee eek. 46 Length Ofatins Gray ea doa ne ee a eee ope eel nec aace ree Me Neeaeeyoaee 104 Length OMLONTES TAYE LAE ees eR eee ee eee eee e eee BE ceeee (22d) 13 Lengthiof last miy sss 5 scecter aon anctseciieieee cncn| eces\aacens Ayo oes <a aews 5 Anal: Distance from’ snont es 2s5 See Soe eee sess see tal wee dee ee 55) | teaceeeee 515 Ment OF DASE case cow ce wo aee elec acemwlclsrioaeeee ise tee | maceneteceites Bos) | ooseeoeer 374 Length of antecedent spine 3: al aceesaeeee 3 Length of first ray ...---...--- 6) festa eee ve Length of longest ray ..-..--.. (Sth): Sh |a-ceeaee2 (ith) 12 MON CTNOMLASt TAY Hc maoniease cnlss sisisciaets eicaicemiaee cael semen anaes Ak. Speeceeee 5 Caudal: engthol middle’ Tavs. 3. ccx 2 --nosheonsee snscc nee ese ese eenes UE eatet hccsee 11 ensth ot extemal irayss-2i222 21-1. 243. sanhhtensecdle toes eee ee AGH e52ee 522 174 Pectoral: Distance: fromignout,.- 2.25 sce eo saan debe coke eee Eee eee oe OR oe Iee~ on 274 SON GOD soit a sa ceoe Sane cink cicpis se Qe Se'ecws wees ode aeedons| Waban aaeeniee TSH illloe dear oee 26 Ventral: Distance: from: Snowe. t=. ie -cesec cenpissivas soe scene er en eeeeeeeee S4E sc oo Scene 31 ene thst iets hac Se. ees ke eee ee a ee eee a ee See as ee 16 BEanchioster als 25..: soo sake sees cee oon oe Oo SVAN oo seces WAL 5 lames comes MorSsA P55: Sac ae = weiss cae a ae So eee eee eee ne ees WHIH25) [iS otescos. WilH 24 joerc eeeeee PATA i j= 5 2:5 aiarcic a a fointass ieee ee Romie cies ce cia see ue Cee eee Ors og ctre apapaie FeO esi een Candela: 2: soca ee cckhiee oe PSS Le eae Se eee Ae aeteere eee actoral:'. 252. se Saepis seein ceawice ogee See ee eee eee MUG: eens mao ies Teta | ee oes Mrontralls =)5 5) 5 20 .-\5 0c ch cote Som Sam Medes cole epee teeeeenEs Tyo a scene once 1) |aesechecceas avamber of scales in lateral line\-<--2--.-h. - se seccee seen abts 1205. e255: HOB ener sete, Number of transverse rows above lateral line.....-. .--- IS} \Seceeneaes OM eee Number of transverse rows below lateral line -.......-.-. BON aaa OD ilkaeem aoe tee
2
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED
STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
45
Table showing Comparative Proportions of Atlantic Species of CAULOLATILUS.
Height of body in total length. .....-...--.- Width of body in total length janes cmmiosies Head in total length...............-. 7
Interorbital width in total length - Snout in total length Upper jaw in total length Snout to orbit in total length Kye in head Nostrils
He‘ght of dorsal in total length (of body) - Anal
Caudal
PIAGLOLS see cinersctensine eerie cieiten scicece ne |
PERIES IDE AhOMUlINO sa wee ae cia Salers. cnt cate Transverse rows of scales
C. chrysops.*
Extends to first anal ray. 110+-
O. cyanops.
4 ee 33 12 10 10 9 3t
} distance from |
snout to eye. 124
Extends to first |
anal ray. 108
35 (10-+-25)|
| Yarther from
O. mierops.
Midway from snout to eye. 13} snont than in cyanops, and two-thirds as high. Less emarginate than in the other species. Does not reach first anal ray. 120 48 (13 35)
* These proportionate measurements, as taken from the ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons", doubtless have reference to extreme length to end of external caudal rays. In this genus, however, the ditferenco thus admitted is not extremely large.
APRIL 30, 1878.
THE OCUCUBRENCE OF ALLIED RORY,
HIPPOCAMPUS ANTIQUORU I, ON SAINT GEORGE’S BANKS.
OR AN
By G BROWN GOODE.
A specimen of Hippocampus, measuring about five inches, was pro- cured by the United States Fish Commission from a mackerel schooner, which had captured it, in company with a school of mackerel, on Saint George’s Banks, in August, 1873. It was kept alive for some days, and an interesting fact was observed with regard to its habits, its tail appa- rently not being used for prehension. This specimen agrees very closely with H. antiquorum as described by Giinther, and is provisionally referred to that species; it does not agree with the description and figure of H. hudsonius, DeKay, a species which has never been accurately defined, and which may prove identical with H. guttulatus, Cuy.
H. antiquorum is, then, an addition to the fauna of Hastern North America. The geographical range of the species is very wide; it has been recorded from the English coast, the Mediterranean at Malta and other points, Fernando Po, Japan, and Australia. Several specimens were collected in Bermuda in 1872 and 1877 in company with J/. guttulatus.
A specimen received by Storer from Holmes’s Hole was, in his first report, referred to H. brevirostris, Cuy., which is synonymous, according to Giinther, with H. antiquorum. Storer afterward adopted the name proposed by DeKay, but his description and figure refer to a form more nearly resembling that now under consideration.
The following notes were taken from the fresh specimen, the colors while it was living :—
No. 21044, U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Fish.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. —
Body rings, 1+ 10. Caudal rings, 37. Tubercles of body and tail elongated, slightly recurved, usually prolonged into slender filaments ; those on the 2d, 4th, and 6th body rings much larger than the others; tubercles prominent and filamentose upon the 4th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 16th, and 20th caudal rings. Ventral tubercles upon 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th body rings. Occipital crest very high, with five prominent tubercles, the anterior two with long filaments. Length of snout equal to dis- tance from posterior margin of orbit to gill-opening. Operculum marked with fine, radiating stric.
Radial formula.—D. 19 (the first imperfect). P.18. V. 4.
Color.—Yellowish-brown; the eyes and cheeks covered with radiating, wavy lines of light brown. Snout encircled by a narrow, undulating, white band near its middle.
The Commission has an accurate sketch by Mr. Emerton.
APRIL 30, 1878.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
By W. H. DALL.
Haliotis (? var.) assimilis, n. s.
Shell solid, strong, not very thick, with a rather light pink, white and greenish nacre, usually with five open holes; spire more elevated than that of any other Californian species, consisting of two and a half or three whorls; aperture very oblique in adult specimens, the thickened margin of the columella narrow, somewhat concave, inclined sharply inward and upward, about three-fourths as long as the columellar side,
of the aperture. Between the row of openings and the columellar edge,
the space is unusually broad, marked midway by an obtuse carina, sep- arated from the row of holes by a shallow channel; surface reddish or dull greenish, with rather rough, crowded, unequal, spiral ribs and
rounded, irregular, wavy, radiating undulations crossing the spiral —
sculpture obliquely. The muscular impression, in most specimens, is but lightly marked, and, except for oceasional spot-like impressions, is smoothly nacreous, like the rest of the interior. Lon. 4.5 in. Lat. 3.0 in. Alt. of spire 1.5 to 2.0 in. Aperture 3 inches wide and 3.75 long, in an adult specimen.
Habitat—Monterey ; Sen Diego, Cal.; in deep water only; thrown up by heavy storms, usually dead and worn when found and everywhere rare. Mus. Cat. 31267.
This species, or variety, has long been known to me and to most Calitornian collections, but has not hitherto been characterized, owing to the dead condition of most of the specimens found. Mr. Hemphill having forwarded two fresh specimens, it seems well to put it on record.
The form is different from any other Californian species; the spiral
en a oe
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 47
sculpture is that of H. rufescens ; the radiating sculpture, except that it is not sharp or imbricated, recalls H. corrugatus, and the nacre is similar but less bright. These characters suggest the possibility of its being a hybrid between H. corrugatus and rufescens; but if this be the case, why should it not have a similar habitat? Those two species are litto- ral, but this is exclusively deep-water. I have received it from Dr. Canfield, Mrs. Capt. Lambert, and others, in past years, and have exam- ined some twenty specimens of all ages.
Acmea (scabra var.?) Morchii, n.s.
Shell conical, much elevated, with a sub-central recurved apex resem- bling that of Helcion pectinatus covered with close-set, rough, imbricated ribs and riblets, the coarse, imbricated, sharp lines of growth forming with the other sculpture a close reticulation in some specimens. Interior with a brown-mottled spectrum and margin, otherwise white; exterior dull grayish or greenish speckled. The imbrications on the principal ribs very strong, in some specimens forming small spines concave beneath. Lat.16™™. Lon. 207. Alt. 10™™.
Tomales Bay, California, Hemphill, 16 specimens. Mus. Cat. 31268.
This very peculiar form has the sculpture of A. scabra, but much exaggerated, and very nearly the profile of Helcion pectinatus. The recurved apex recalls that of A. persona. It would not be referred to any described Californian species if its characters, as they appear, were the only test. But it is almost certain that all the species of Limpets and Siphonarie, which have this peculiar elevated shape, acquire it trom a particular habitat which they seem to prefer. This may be the stem of a large Fucus, a shell, round pebble, or what not, as in the case of those species of Acmea usually (but wrongly) termed Nacella by Californian conchologists: Acmeaasmi ; Liriola subspiralis; etc. They all have a flattened or normal variety, though this is often very rare.
Hence I consider the elevated form and pointed apex as probably due to a peculiar habitat, as in the other cases; a view which is borne out by a peculiar arcuation of the margin in most of the specimens, as if the creature lad lived on a round shell or pebble.
Eliminating the elevation as a permanent character, the shell, appa- rently very limited in its distribution, might well be a hybrid between A. scabra and A. persona. Whether this be the case or not, it is a very remarkable form, and well deserves a name, even if only of varietal value. We owe its discovery to Mr. Hemphill’s industry and eminent abilities as a collector.
APRIL 30, 1878.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF DOMINICA FROM COLLECTIONS MADE FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY FREDERICK A. OBER, TOGETHER WITH HIS NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
In the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, p. 46, I called attention to the explorations in the Lesser Antilles that were being made by Mr. I, A. Ober, giving an account of his progress up to that time in the island of Dominica, and stating that when his final collection from there was received, a catalogue of the birds obtained and noticed by him would be published.
When his last collection came to hand, it was found that the publica- tion of the promised catalogue would be delayed; it was therefore deemed best to give a provisional list ef the species in Forest and Stream; this appeared in the issue of December 6, 1877.
On his second visit to Dominica, Mr. Ober had an attack of fever, which debarred him from concluding his explorations satisfactorily. Several species that were seen by him, but not procured, he was able to identify. A few other birds were heard of, but the descriptions given of them were insufficient for their identification ; these being undoubted inhabitants of the island are included in the catalogue, with such infor- mation as he could obtain concerning them. Some of these species Mr. Ober hopes to have procured for him by residents, who promised to make efforts to do so.
Mr. Ober is entitled to much credit for his industry and perseverance thus far, and his notes testify that his heart is in the enterprise.
Besides birds, he has sent valuable collections in other branches of science.
I have received from him, by way of introduction to this catalogue, the following interesting account of the physical features of Dominica, with incidents of his movements, localities where birds were procured, ete:
All of his communications and notes are designated by quotation- marks.
The arrangement of this catalogue is the same as that of the Nomen- clator Avium Neotropicalium, by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin.
“The island of Dominica is 25 miles in length by 16 in breadth. It is mountainous in character, consisting of a central ridge running north and south, from which chain project hills and spurs east and west; thus the entire island is but a succession of hills and valleys, the latter ever narrowing into ravines and gorges, from which pour foaming streams and torrents.
“The coast-line is for the greater part bold and precipitous, some of the hills slope gently to the sea, and some of the valleys open upon spacious bays, which, though not deep, afford good anchorage on the Caribbean side for small craft. From the voleanic nature of this island,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 49
being thrust up from the great ocean bed, the water all around it is of great depth, and vessels anchoring off Roseau, the principal town, often run out sixty fathoms of chain before bringing up.
‘‘Thus when I speak of the small depth of the bays, I mean the small indentations they make in the general line of the shore. The valleys and low hills of the Caribbean shore are tolerably well culti- vated, principally in sugar-cane; the provision ground of the negroes reaching often to high hill-tops.
*¢On the east or Atlantic side, called the ‘windward’ side of the island (from the fact that the prevailing wind here is the northeast trade), are a few fine, though isolated, sugar estates, situated where deep bays give opportunity for boats to land. The nature of the east side of the island is more rocky, and the seas more boisterous than the west or Caribbean slope. The almost unceasing trade-wind keeps the Atlantic in a tumult, in striking contrast to the calms of the Caribbean waters.
‘CAs this island is about midway the group known as the Lesser An- tilles, being in lat. 15° 20’ — 15° 45/; long. 61° 13’ — 61° 30’, it possesses much in its fauna that will prove of interest ; and doubtless some spe- cies will be found to inhabit it that exist neither north nor south of it; some that are found north but not south, and vice versa. Possessing as it does the highest mountain peak in any island south of Jamaica, and a range of mountains and hills of 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height, the essential character of the fauna is mountainous. In fact, along the coast and in the low valleys, very few birds are obtained more than the ordinary sparrows, hummingbirds, etc. Though not rich in either numbers or species, Dominica contains its best birds in high mountain valleys. Each kind has its characteristic haunt and breeding place, as will be described hereafter, and the majority of them are in the mount- ains and mountain valleys.
“« My first collecting ground was at Landat (see Forest and Stream), a mountain vale 1,500 feet above the Caribbean Sea, at the head of the Roseau Valley, which latter made up into the mountains from the sea for nearly five miles. The average temperature of this region was ten degrees lower than at Roseau, 1,500 feet below; at night a blanket (sometimes two) was necessary. I collected here for a month—the month of March—during which period I visited the famous Boiling Lake, a chain of lakes on the mountains, the near mountain peaks, and thor- oughly explored every accessible ravine and valley within a day’s walk.
“After shipping my collections to the Smithsonian, I started for the central ‘windward’ portion of the island, where reside the last vestiges of the Carib Indians. With them I resided six weeks, in a cabin close by the Atlantic shore. It was while there that I procured the Imperial Parrot, and other birds of less note, by making forced marches into the high mountains.
‘‘T should note here that everything I needed had to be transported
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——4 July 31, 1878.
50 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
over the rugged mountain trails, from the town of Roseau, a journey of a day and night, upon the heads of men and women.
‘“‘In May I returned to Roseau. In June I passed a week in Landat, finding little difference in the birds, except in the scarcity of the Hum- mingbirds and a few others. I also spent more than a week, in June, at Batalie, a lime plantation midway the west coast, where I found a few birds which I had seen in the mountains more abundant, and one species—the Tropic Bird—breeding in the cliffs.
“During May and June I was exhausted by a low type of fever, the result of exposure, which greatly retarded my efforts to secure greater numbers of birds. From subsequent observation, however, and enquiry, Iam certain that nearly all the resident species have been obtained. The very few not procured will be noticed further on.
‘On the 15th September I returned to Dominica, after a visit to some of the northern islands. Making my way at once to the mountains, I had opportunity to note the changes that the seasons would make in the time which had elapsed since my first visit. The Hummingbirds were in great abundance, the ‘Mountain Whistler’ nearly silent, and perdu; the Flycatchers same as usual ; Wrens about the same, but more in the deep woods; sparrows, finches, etc., in customary abundance; the ‘ game birds’—‘ Perdix’, ‘Ramier’, and ‘Tourterelles’—in abundance.
‘During this visit I succeeded in procuring the only species of Owl known in Dominica. The first was a female, September 18, sitting upon its nest, which contained three eggs freshly laid. The following day brought in the male; this was the only find of value.
“Strange to say, my old enemy, fever, visited me again, the first night I spent in the mountains; though I had been exempt from it for two months, and my last visit there had aided initscure. This discouraging welcome to Dominica (I do not, though, attribute it solely to the climate) prevented me from going out on a projected trip to the mountains beyond for the Parrot; I sent my men but they failed to get the bird.
‘The migratory species had arrived in small numbers—Golden Plover, Sandpiper, etc.—and the water of Roseau Bay was black in places with large flocks of the ‘twa-oo0’, a species of tern. These birds only come before a gale and are harbingers of a storm. September being a hurri- cane month, very few sailing craft of any kind were about; being, especially in the French islands, hauled up, to remain so through October.
‘Much to my regret, I was unable to procure the Parrot, but little larger than our Carolina Parrot, and the ‘ Diablotin’. The latter was, twenty years ago, in great abundance, breeding in the mountains; but of late years it has become so scarce as to appear almost mythical. Its disappearance is attributed to the depredations of the ‘Manacon’, a worthless marsupial animal, introduced into Dominica years ago. Al- though the Diablotin is, probably, identical with the Petrel found in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica (the Prion Caribbea, as suggested by
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51
Prof. Baird); yet it would be very interesting to know exactly what it is. If itis possibly remaining, I have hopes of securing it, as my friend H. A. Alford Nicholls, M. D., of Roseau, has offered a large reward for it; if obtained, to be sent to the Smithsonian.
‘¢ Having been in the island during the breeding season, I procured many nests and eggs, which are, probably, little known. Nests and eggs of three species of Hummingbirds, the ‘Perdix’, Owl, and many smaller birds, were received.
‘‘There are few sea-birds resident here, or even visitors for the pur- pose of incubation, owing to the precipitous character of the coast, and the absence of small islands or detached rocky islets.
‘‘From Dominica I sailed south to St. Vincent, where I remain at this present writing (October).
‘Trusting you will make allowance for the many imperfections in this (necessarily) hasty sketch; and hoping to give you full and perfect descriptions when I have leisure to elaborate my notes,
* T remain, faithfully yours, “TREDERICK A. OBER.
‘““It would be wrong in me to conclude without acknowledging the obligations I am under to a few gentlemen of Dominica.
“To the President of the island, C. M. Eldridge, Esq., for kindly let- ters of introduction to other islands ; for much proffered aid and a great deal of information.
“To Dr. Imray, the oldest medical man in tke island, one who has done much to develope the natural resources of Dominica; a botanist of repute, especially an authority on Tropical plants, to him I am in- debted for many favors. Free access to a large and well-selected library was one of the many delights his generous nature afforded me.
“To the Hon. William Stedman, for many and delicate acts of kind- ness.
“To Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, for numerous favors. I never can repay the debt L owe these two gentlemen, for the many and continued attentions during my stay. At the time when I was sick with fever, it was to the attentions of the one and the skilful medical attendance of the other, that my rapid recovery was due. The period of convales- cence, passed principally in their society, will continue a very pleasant remembrance.
‘The information possessed by Dr. Nicholls upon wood and mountain life was freely placed at my disposal, and it was owing chiefly to his suggestions, that my collecting grounds were so judiciously chosen as to comprise within their areas the characteristic birds of the island. Upon botany and ethnology the doctor is well informed, and his collec- tions and herbarium promise to become very valuable.
‘‘ These remarks will perhaps account for my protracted stay in the island, and for a lingering regret at leaving it.”
52 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fam. TURDIDZ.
1. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.).—Local name, “‘ Morer”’.
‘‘ This curious bird inhabits the high woods; especially does it delight in the comparatively open places beneath the towering gomier trees, where perhaps a narrow trail has left the ground bare of leaves. There you will find where it has been scratching with its strong feet. It is very shy, and being very good as food it is sought by the mountaineers, who call it to them by imitating its cry of distress.
‘Tris tea-color. Not abundant.
“Length, ¢, 9in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5; tail, 33.”
Of this fine species there are five males in the collection, but no females, and Mr. Ober makes no allusion to their plumage. It has not before been recorded from Dominica.
2. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.).—Local name, “Gros Grive ”.
‘¢ These birds are much esteemed for their flesh, and are hunted with- out mercy, when the law allows. They are thus made very shy; at St. Marie, however, in the Indian section of Dominica, where they are not shot, they are very tame, and frequent the mango and bread- fruit trees about the habitations of the people. They lay in April and May.
‘‘ Tris very pale straw color; bill horn color.
“Length, ¢, 11 in.; alar extent, 173; wing, 54; tail, 53.”
The sexes do not differ apparently in size or plumage; not before noted from Dominica.
3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.).—Local name, “ Grive ”.
“Abundant, but much reduced in numbers by being shot for food. In habits and actions much resembles the American Mockingbird, without his song, however.
“Tris yellow. _
“Length, 3,93; alar extent, 143; wing, 42; tail, 4.”
Numerous specimens of both sexes sent; no apparent difference between them; also not sent before from this island,
The nest of this species is composed of fine roots loosely woven toge- ther; the inside with the smallest roots, but no soft lining; it is very Shallow, and appears small for the size of the bird, having a diameter of but four and a half inches; there are two eggs of a uniform beauti- ful aqua-marine blue, measuring 1.20 x .75.
Collected at Shawford Valley, May 10.
4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould.—Local name, “ Trembleur”.
‘“‘Its name is given from its habit of quivering its wings. Abundant in the mountains and lower valleys. (See letter in Forest and Stream.)
“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 1243; wing, 4; tail, 34.”
The sexes are alike in colors and dimensions. This species has not been obtained before in Dominica.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 53
S. “Thrush !.?
‘Another bird was described by several persons, something like the Thrush, but with yellow bill and legs. Its egg is like the Cuckoo’s in shape and color.”
Of course, it can only be determined by examples.
Fam. SYLVIID/.
6. Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw.—Native name, ‘‘Sifflear Montagne; Solitaire”.
“The Mountain Whistler frequents the most gloomy and solitary mountain gorges, seeking the most retired situations—not so much from shyness as from some inherent proclivity.
‘‘ Found on the borders of open glades in the morning when seeking its favorite food, the berries of a tall shrub. Never found below 1,000 feet altitude. Its mellow notes are first heard from a dark ravine above Shawford Valley as one ascends the mountains. (See Forest and Stream.)
“Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33; tail, 34.”
The female differs from the male only in having a wash of brownish- olive across the middle of tbe back. There is a single specimen of the young; in this each feather of the upper plumage terminates with black, and has an adjoining subterminal round spot of bright rufous; the feathers of the under plumage are more rufous, with the terminal edge less distinctly marked with black; the throat and under tail-cov- erts are light rufous; the tail as in the adult. This specimen is spotted much in the same manner as the figure of the young of M. ralloides, in Exotic Ornithology, by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, pl. xxxii.
The M. armillatus of Bonaparte (Cons. Av. i, p. 335) agrees best with M. genibarbis, Sw., as he describes the parotic region to be black, striped with white, a character peculiar to that species. He has Swainson’s name aS a synonym, considering the two to be identical; he gives for the habitat Central America and the Antilles.
Prof. Baird (Rev. Am. Birds, p. 421) proves that M. armillatus, Gosse, from Jamaica, is not JM. armillatus, Vieill., and names it M. solitarius. The true habitat of Vieillot’s species is thus left unsettled, and I believe no authentic examples of it are known to exist in any collection. Vieil- lot, in his original description (Ois. Am. Sept. i, p. 69, pl. 42), gives the Antilles as its habitat; afterwards (Enc. Méth. ii, p. 824) specifies Mar- tinique as a locality.
Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 270) considers the last reference as prob- ably applying to M. genibarbis. Mr. Sclater also says :—“ It is possible that I. armillatus verus may be the species from St. Domingo, where there is an unknown representative of this form.”
M. genibarbis is noted from St. Lucia by Mr. Sclater in his list of the birds of that island (P. Z. 8.1871, p. 263). The specimens from there he compared with two examples of M. genibarbis in the Swainson collec- tion at Cambridge, and found them to agree.
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Swainson erroneously supposed this bird to be a native of Africa ; his figure of it (Nat. Lib vol. xiii), to be correct, should have the chin and an elongated quadrate mark on the lower eyelid pure white.
There are in the collection twelve adult specimens, which are appa- rently in full plumage, having the pure white chin and rictal stripe sep- arated by a black line, and the white patch on the lower eyelid; in the young example, the white marks are wanting.
Fam. TROGLODYTID &:.
7. Thryothorus rufescens, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 1, p. 47.
“Wren, 6, Landat, March 3, 1877.
‘Found only in the deep, dark woods, or on their borders. I shot several, but lost them in the rank vegetation. They have a most de- licious song, like, I think, our Northern Wood Wren. Will have more extended notes at some future day. I just missed getting itsegg. In June I found a nest, and had my boys watching it for eggs, but some one robbed it before me. When I left, I told the people of the valley to procure the eggs and save them for me.
“It (the nest) was merely a few straws in a small hole in a bank, about six inches deep, with a diameter of four inches.
‘‘ Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 62; wing, 24; tail, 13.
“Tris bright hazel. Abundant in the deep woods, but hard to find from its terrestria] habits. Native name, ‘Osenoli’.”
In the first two collections, there being but the type-specimen, I re- quested Mr. Ober to get more; in the last collection are four others, but all are males. These were procured in September, and are of a darker or brownish-rufous, no doubt owing to the different season.
Fam. SYLVICOLIDZ::
8. Siurus nevius (Bodd.).
‘“ Wagtail—very scarce.
‘“‘Shot while feeding about the pools of the upper waters of the Roseau River, a rocky stream of cascades and water-falls.
* Length, 53 in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34, 2.” 9. Dendreca virens (Gm.).
‘“‘Only one seen; very ragged in plumage.
“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 23, 3.” 10. Dendreca petechia (Linn.).
“Yellow Warbler, ‘Titien’, Shawford Valley, March 21.
“Abundant on the plantations of the east coast, overgrown with guava-bushes.
“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 28, 2.”
“A nest with eggs was taken at St. Marie in April.”
The nest is well shaped and compactly formed; is composed of fine dried grasses, the outside of coarser materials, strips of bark, and long,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55
thin, flag-like leaves, intermixed with a little cotton. It seems large for the bird; it measures in outside diameter 5 inches; heigat, 24; depth of cavity, 13 inches. There are three eggs of a dull white, sparingly speckled with reddish-brown, except on the larger end, where the spots are confluent; two measure in length .75 of an inch and .50 in breadth; the other is .55 in breadth.
11. Dendrocca plumbea, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 1, p. 47. There are no notes which apply to this species.
12. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). ‘¢ Redstart, ‘Chat’. Not common. “ Length, 5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24, ¢.”
Fam. VIREONID.
13. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr.
“T think this bird is a summer visitor only, as I did not see it before March 19, and then only one. It increased in numbers in April and May; was abundant in the Indian Settlement. I send nest and eggs. Its note makes it conspicuous.
“ Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 33; tail, 23.”
“‘ Local name, ‘ Chewick’. Iris hazel.”
Male—Upper plumage olive-green, purer and brighter than in V, calidris ; cap of a clear ash, rather darker than that of var. barbatula ; a distinct blackish line along the edge of the crown; superciliary stripe ashy-white; cheeks with a tinge of buff; lores and a stripe behind the eye dusky; a blackish moustachial line along each side of the throat; the under plumage is grayish-white, purer on the upper part of the throat and abdomen; sides pale olive-green; under wing-coverts yellow; crissum pure pale yellow; the bill is large and darker than in its allies ; the upper mandible is blackish horn-color, the under whitish horn-color.
The female differs in no respects from the male.
The only necessary direct comparison with any of the West Indian or moustached form is with var. barbadense, Ridg.; that and the pres- ent bird only having a distinct dark line along the edge of the crown. The type of barbadense was kindly sent me by Mr. Ridgway: it is smaller than the Dominica species; the plumage above is of a lighter brownish-olive, the cap not so dark, the under parts of a pale yellowish or creamy-white, and the bill of a fleshy-brown color; in general color- ing they are quite unlike.
The nest (marked “St. Marie, April 22,’77”) is not the beautiful struc- ture described by Dr. Brewer (N. Am. Birds, v. 1, p. 362) belonging to V. calidris of Jamaica, and does not appear to have been pensile; it is com- posed of fine grasses, intermixed on the outside with a coarser kind of a long, thin, ribbon-like form. There are but two eggs—perhaps not the full complement; they are of a dull white, rather closely spotted with
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pale chocolate, confluent at the larger end; they measure in length .80 of an inch by .60 in breadth.
The nest measures in outside diameter 34 inches; depth of cavity 1 inchés.
Fam. HIRUNDINIDZE.
14. Progne dominicensis (Gm.).
‘6¢ Hirondelle. Resident.
‘“‘ The first seen was shot at Mountain Lake, 2,300 feet above sea-level, March 23; later in the season I found a few on the Atlantic side, in June, breeding in the cliffs at Batalie, on the Caribbean shore.
“Length, 72 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 53, 3.”
Fam. CAAREBIDE.
15. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor.—Local name, “ Sucrier”. St. Marie.
“T procured a series of these, that you might be able to determine better the local differences.
‘«‘ Bverywhere abundant in lowland and mountain valleys; breeds in old plantations from March through to the rainy season. I send nests and eggs.
“ Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 23.
‘‘T put in a few nests of these birds to illustrate the domed struc- ture—a character that prevails among the smaller birds—grass-birds, Sparrow and Sucrier.”
There are two nests, globular in form, one containing three eggs, ob- tained at St. Marie, April 20,1877 ; the other with four eggs, in Shawford Valley, in April. For the size of the bird, the nest seems a bulky struc- ture, but is elaborately made; the inside is of fine grasses ; the outside of fine wiry stems of some plant, and the thin flag-like leaves spoken of in describing the nest of Dendreca petechia ; it has an outside diameter of 5 inches, the depth of the cavity 3 inches, across the opening 1} inches. The entrance is on the side. The eggs are dull white, some closely spotted with pale reddish-brown; others less so; some with the spots confluent at the larger end; others having them distinct. They measure .68 of an inch in length by .53 in breadth.
Fam. TANAGRIDZ.
16. Buphonia flavifrons (Sparm.).
“¢T’oiseau de St. Pierre.’ Rare.
‘“Feeds among the tops of trees in the high woods; said to occur, also, on the coast; stomach full of small green seeds.
““ Length, 4? in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 23; tail, 13, °.” , There is in the collection but one specimen, a female, which I suppose to be this species. I wrote Mr. Ober to endeavor to get others, but he was unable to do so. I have a male specimen from Porto Rico of E.
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sclateri, presented by Dr. Gundlach—this is much smaller than the above, measuring in length 44 in.; wing, 2,°,; tail, 1,7.
17. Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr.—Local name, ‘‘ Grosbec ”.
‘‘ Found among the bushes and low trees fringing the cleared valleys and open plateaus. Its clear note makes it a marked bird in the breed- ing season. Found eggs in May. Inhabitant of both coasts. Not abundant.
‘Length, 84 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4; tail, 33, °.
‘‘ Length, 83 in.; alar extent, 125; wing, 4; tail, 38, ¢.
“ Nest obtained at St. Marie, Indian country, May 1, 1877; lays from two to three eggs at a time.”
The sexes do not differin plumage. The nest is made of the stems of coarse grasses, and though appearing to be loosely put together, yet is quite compact; there are a few finer stems at the bottom of the cavity. The outer diameter is 54 inches, height 3 inches, depth of cavity 12 inches. The eggs are light greenish-blue, with a few irregular black markings on the larger end; the length is 1.06 of an inch, the width .80.
Fam. FRINGILLID.
18. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).—Local name, Moisson ; Pére Noir; Sparrow.
“The male is black, the female gray, I bave no doubt, as they are always seen together. Very common, especially on old plantations; make their nests in low trees and stout shrubs. The nest sent, with three eggs, was obtained in Shawford Valley, March 21, 1877.
“Length, 54 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3; tail, 23, ¢.
“ Length, 54 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 23; tail, 24, °.”
The nest under examination is placed in the upright trifurcated branch of a prickly shrub or tree, and is thus supported behind and on each side; it is a large and loosely formed structure, composed of fine stems of plants, dried leaves, and small, dried plants; it is covered over or domed, and has a large opening in front, the lower part, which is the nest proper, is more compact, and is lined at the bottom with fine, soft grasses or stems of plants; the height of the nest outside is 8 inches, the breadth 5; the opening in front has a diameter of 3 inches ; depth of cavity, 2inches. The complement of eggs is three. Those sent differ much in size and appearance. One is nearly white, marked with minute pale spots of reddish-brown, quite evenly distributed; this measures .80 by .62 of an inch. Another, of about the same size, is more conspicuously spotted; at the larger end densely so; size, .78 by -o7. The last is much smaller, the spots larger and darker; it is closely spotted all over, the spots not confluent at the larger end; it measures 72 by .50.
Mr. Sclater speaks of the single specimen from St. Lucia (P. Z. S. | 1871, p. 271), and referred to this species as differing from a Martinique
58 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
skin in having “no rufous at all on the crissum, and the superciliary mark shorter ”.
Five males in the collection from Dominica have the under tail-coverts rufous, of the same shade as that of the throat; the rufous line running from the bill is darker, and extends over the eye as far as upon a line with its centre. Probably the Dominica and Martinique birds are alike; but if other examples from St. Lucia prove to be without rufous cris- sums, it would seem to be a well marked variety.
The female from Dominica is, above, a brownish-olive, having the face, sides of the head, and upper tail-coverts tinged with rufous; the wing-coverts and tertials are edged with bright rufous; the under plumage is of a dark ashy-olive; the under tail-coverts are pale rufous.
Specimens of a Lowigilla collected in Guiana by Mr. A. H. Alexander (taxidermist), though similar in color and markings to examples of L. noctis from Dominica, are so much less in all their measurements that | think, at least, it may be considered a variety. The bill of the Guiana bird is much smaller, the under mandible of a brownish horn-color, be- ing black in the West Indian bird ; the under tail-coverts are of a paler rufous; the rufous of the throat more restricted, and the superciliary line extending beyond the eye.
The measurements of the two are as follows :—
Dominica bird, ¢, length, 54 in.; wing, 3; tail, 22; tarsus, 3.
Guiana bird, ¢, length, 43 in.; wing, 28: tail, 2; tarsus, 2.
Viewed together, the skin of the West Indian bird appears to be nearly twice the bulk of the other.
I propose to distinguish the South American form by the name of Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua.
Mr. Alexander obtained quite a number of this small species in Guiana, but he had disposed of most of them before they came under my notice. Three males examined were alike in size and coloring. I was unable to find a female among the birds collected by him: this is easily accounted for; his object in making collections being to secure the more showy and saleable males.
Mr. Alexander informed me that they were not uncommon along the Essequibo River, and that he saw them also at Berbice.
The only citation of Guiana as a locality for Z. noctis that I have noticed is by Bonaparte (Cons. Av. i, p. 493), viz, “Surinam”; he also gives Martinique.
19. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.).
“Si Si Yerbe; Grass-bird.
“Abundant everywhere; breeds in great numbers in Shawford Valley, three miles from the coast ; nests in lime-trees.
“One with three eggs taken April, 1877; another with four eggs.”
“Length, ¢, 43 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 24.
‘Length, °, 44 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 24.”
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The nest is globular in shape, and is composed of fine roots and stems of plants, intermixed with thin, flag-like leaves; it is 64 inches high and 54 inches broad; the opening is 2 inches across; depth of the cavity, 1 inches. The eggs are quite uniform in appearance; they are white, with a scarcely perceptible greenish tinge, sparingly speckled with reddish-brown, except on the larger end, where the examples vary in having the spots more or less confluent. They vary in size from .66 to .o7 of an inch in length, and in breadth from .54 to .50.
Fam. TYRANNIDZE.
20. Elainea martinica (Linn.).—Local name, “Quick”.
** Rather abundant in the mountain valleys, especially in the lateral ravines bordering the glades of open pastures. In habits and cry resembling our Phoebe-bird.
“Length, g¢, 63 in.; alar extent, 105; wing, 34.
‘Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 33.”
Of this species, Mr. Ober sent nine examples. Mr. Sclater (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 271) considers EL. riistti from St. Thomas ‘“ undistinguishable” from HE. martinica. I have but one specimen of L. riisii, which differs only from the Dominica bird in being light brownish-olive above; the upper plumage of L. martinica is dark olive; the difference may be seasonal. Mr. Sclater also raises the question whether L. pagana ‘is really separable”; in five specimens, so-called, from Brazil, Guiana, and New Granada, the most marked difference from the West Indian bird is that the breast and abdomen are of a decided pale yellow. In £. martinica, the throat and breast are of a clear bluish-gray, the abdomen with just a tinge of yellow.
Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1870, p. $34) thinks that his EZ. subpagana will have to be reunited to H. pagana. I have one example of this form, from the City of Mexico, which is of a bright yellowish-olive above, and the abdomen of a fine clear light yellow. These differences may be due to geographical position.
21. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 48.—Local name, ‘“ So- leil coucher ”’.
‘“‘ It is so called because it utters its peculiar cry just at sunset; the hunters say when Soleil Coucher cries, it is time to make ajoussa, or camp. Obtained at Landat in March; not common.
‘“‘ Length, 3, 9 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4.
“ Length, 2, 84 in.; alar extent, 123; wing, 4.”
22. Blacicus brunneicapillus, Lawr, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.y. 1, p. 161.—Local name, ‘“Goubemouche”. ‘¢ Everywhere abundant in the ravines and dark valleys of the mount- ains. “ Length, 3, 52 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 22; tail, 22.”
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23. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl.
‘‘ Pipere; Loggerhead.”
“More an inhabitant of the lowlands than the mountains; found it abundant in St. Marie, Atlantic coast.
‘‘ Found a nest with two eggs, April 20, 1877.
“Length, ¢, 95 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 43.
“Length, 2,93 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 43.”
The nest is rather loosely made, of small harsh-feeling roots and stems of plants, with no soft lining for the eggs; it is 44 inches wide, with a height of 2 inches, the cavity but half an inch deep. The two eggs are alike in size, but vary in shade of color: one is of a light reddish salmon color, with large conspicuous spots of a deep rusty-red, mostly around the larger end; the other is white, with a slight tinge of color, the spots smaller and less conspicuous. They measure 1.06 by .77.
Fam. TROCHILID.
24. Bulampis jugularis (Linn.).
‘‘ Large Crimson-throat Hummingbird.”
‘This species called ‘ Colibri’ in patois French.
“‘This species is almost exclusively a frequenter of the high valleys of the mountains, though found lower down also. It delights in the plantain and provision grounds of the mountain sides, and there may be seen in early morning, glancing among the leaves, hovering over the flower clusters. In the open glades, also, it was abundant about the wild honeysuckle and flowering shrubs. It was easily approached, and many were caught for me by the little mountain boys, with native bird- lime, the juice (inspissated) of the bread-fruit tree.
‘‘] did not find it anywhere common on the east, or Atlantic side of the island. Took a nest and two eggsin June. It breeds later in the season than the smallest species (the Crested). Nest built in bread- fruit tree. Have nests of the three species.
‘‘Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 33.
“Length, 2, 5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 3.”
This would seem to be a very abundant species, as Mr. Ober procured about fifty specimens. Most of these bear evidence of having been cap- tured with bird-lime. The female differs only in the color of the throat being somewhat duller.
Mr. Ober speaks of having obtained “nests of the three species” ; but none have been received.
25. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.).
“ Green or Blue-throated Hummingbird.”
‘This is not so abundant as the others. It prefers shade and seclu- sion. I noticed the curious habit first in this species, that it possesses in common with the larger, of flitting about in the dark forest, where a
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gleam of light would penetrate. It would dart and double with rapid- ity, occasionally fluttering on suspended wing, like a Hawk, then dart off to a neartwig, whence, after resting a while, it would renew its forage upon the diminutive insects sporting in the ray of dusky light. “‘ Procured a nest and two eggs, in June, from a ‘cactus’ tree.” ‘Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 23.”
26. Thalurania wagleri (Less.).
‘“ White-tLroat Hummer.” September, 1877.
“This bird I found tolerably abundant, principally in the shady mountain paths of the ‘high woods’. I saw but one before (earlier in the year) in March, while on my way to the Boiling Lake. It may be the young of No. 368 or 369, but of this you can judge, as I send speci- mens of each kind. Inhabits the mountains.
“Length, 9, 44in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 23.”
Mr. Ober’s note given above refers to the female of this species, of which two examples were sent in his last collection ; also one male, No. 369; on the label of this specimen he wrote, “ Purple-throat Hummer, ¢?. Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 24.” (No. 368 is Eulampis holose- riceus.) This is the first allusion he has made to its being a distinct species, which is difficult to account for, as the male is also very differ- ent in appearance from the three other species found abundantly in the island. In his first collection, seven males of 7. wagleri were sent, but there is no note or any comment to lead to the supposition that he con- sidered it a fourth species—the three regular forms being the only ones spoken of.
The female of this species appears to have been more rarely obtained than the male.
It has the crown and upper tail-coverts bluish-green, the upper plumage and wing-coverts dark green tinged with golden; the middle tail-feathers are golden bronze, ending with greenish-blue; the other tail-feathers are greenish-blue, with their bases golden bronze, and ending with grayish-white; the lores, a line under the eye, and the ear-coverts are black ; the under plumage is ashy-white; the bill is entirely black.
The procuration of the female establishes this species as being resi- dent in Dominica.
27. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.).
‘Small Crested Hummer.”
“This species is called by the natives, ‘ Fou, Fou,’ or ‘ crazy, crazy,’ from its eccentric motions in the air.
“Tt is not uncommon along the coast and in the lower valleys. A\l- most the only species on the Atlantic side in April and May. Very abundant everywhere. Took first nest, March 20, in Shawford Valley ; found others as late as June 20, at Batalie, on sea-coast.
“Tn order of numerical abundance this species can be first, the Crim- son-throat second, the Blue or Violet-breast third.
“Length, 34 in.; alar extent, 43; wing, 2, 3.”
/
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Fam. CYPSELID.
28. Chetura poliura (Temm.).
“ Swift.
‘This bird only appears after a rain, then in great numbers, darting swiftly about, disappearing as soon as it has ceased. In March saw but three at the Mountain Lake, 2,300 feet. In June they had descended to the valleys, and were even sporting about the seashore.
‘‘ They live and breed among the cliffs, high up the mountains and near the waterfalls of the Roseau Valley. Abundant also at Batalie, lower down the coast.
“Length, ¢, 48 in.; alar extent, 103; wing, 3%.”
I have never seen an example of C. poliura, but as the bird under investigation agrees in plumage quite well with the description of that species given by Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 611), I have called it so provisionally; it differs, however, in dimensions, the wing especially being shorter.
29. “ Swift.”
‘“‘A species of Swift,intermediate in size between the small Swift and the large Martin.”
This species has not yet been obtained.
Fam. ALCEDINIDE.
30. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).
‘¢ Kingfisher.”
‘Seen in April on the windward side of Dominica, and again in Sep- tember on the leeward, or Caribbean side. In September it appears more plentiful. Undoubtedly a resident.”
No specimen sent, but is this species without much doubt.
Fam. CUCULID.
$1. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). ‘‘Cuckoo; Manioc.” ‘*Not very plentiful; unsuspicious, stupid; its cry similar to that of Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but more prolonged, sharper, and harsher. ‘‘ Nesting